復原力保護因子效果概化之統合分析

A Meta-Analysis of Effect Generalizations of Protective Factors of Resilience

10.6308/JCG.14.01

曾文志(Wen-Chih Tseng)

復原力 ； 危機因子 ； 保護因子 ； 正向適應 ； 統合分析 ； resilience ； risk factor ； protective factor ； positive adaptation ； meta-analysis

諮商輔導學報：高師輔導所刊

14期（2006 / 06 / 01）

1 - 35

繁體中文

本研究收集1970至2004年來相關復原力保護因子的研究，運用統合分析技術，計算復原力保護因子的效果量，以概括詮釋過去實徵性之復原力保護因子量化研究的發展。統合分析結果指出，復原力的型態不僅建立在多樣化的逆境內涵，包括生物性的、心理性的、社會性的危機，同時復原力型態更重要的架構在於，儘管這些重大逆境可能對個體發展造成相當程度的負面衝擊，個體仍然能夠維持良好的能力，包括認知、心理以及社會方面的健全適應。其中，有助於逆境中的個體維持正向適應的保護因子經過統合分析，研究發現共有14項具有精確效果量的保護因子與7項效果量不夠穩定的保護因子，涵蓋在個人特質、家庭聯結、與外在支持等不同層面。在外在系統層面上，家庭與外在聯結這項保護因子呈現中上且精確的效果量，是最為顯著的保護因子。在個人特質上，自尊這項保護因子效果量的不穩定性，呈現具有需要更進一步去探討的意義。而外在系統的同儕社會性與個人特質的挫折忍受力這兩項保護因子，則呈現效果量最大但卻不夠穩定的結果。根據這些結論，本研究針對預防與介入研究，以及針對未來的復原力研究，提供具體建議，另外也提出本研究結果有所限制之處。

In this study, the researcher used meta-analytic methods to calculate the effect sizes for protective factors and generalize the effect of protective factors by summarizing previous empirical resilience studies. In total, 24 meta-analyses were carried out from 21 prior studies, including 13 variables classified as protective factors of individual characteristics, 5 as protective factors of family connection, and 6 as protective factors of external support. In 14 of the meta-analyses, the precise estimates of the effect size of protective factors were found. In the other, the true effect size of protective factors were not found because of the existence of a moderator effect, and hence further empirical research is needed to confirm the nature of the effect size of protective factors. Based upon the meta-analytic findings, implications for prevention and intervention research, and future resilience studies are discussed.

1. 蔡群瑞、蕭文(2004)。復原力對離婚後個人適應之影響研究。諮商輔導學報，11，59-79。
   連結：
2. Arthur, W.,Bennett, W.,Huffcutt, A. I.(2001).Conducting meta-analysis using SAS.Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3. Banyard, V. L.,Cantor, E. N.(2004).Adjustment to College Among Trauma Survivors: An Exploratory Study of Resilience.Journal of College Student Development,45,207-221.
4. Blocker, L. S.,Copeland, E. P.(1994).Determinants of resilience in high-stressed youth.High School Journal,77,286-293.
5. Brierley, J. A.(1999).Accountants` job satisfaction: A meta-analysis.British Accounting review,31,63-84.
6. Bronfenbrenner, U.(1977).Toward an experimental ecology of human development.American Psychologist,32,513-531.
7. Burger, J. M.(1997).Personality.Pacific Grove, CA:Brooks/Cole.
8. Cappella, E.,Weinstein, R. S.(2001).Turning around reading achievement: Predictors of high school students` academic resilience.Journal of Educational Psychology,93,758-771.
9. Carbonell, D. M.,Reinherz, H. Z.,Giaconia, R. M.(1998).Risk and resilience in late adolescence.Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal,15,251-272.
10. Carr, M. B.,Vandiver, T. A.(2001).Risk and protective factors among youth offenders.Adolescence,36,409-426.
11. Cicchetti, D.,Tucker, D.(1994).Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind.Development and Psychopathology,6,533-549.
12. Cohen, J.(1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.
13. Cohen, J.(1992).A power primer.Psychological,112(1),155-159.
14. Cowen, E. L.,Work, W. C.,Wyman, P. A.,Parker, G. R.(1992).Test comparisons among stress-affected, stress-resilient, and nonclassified fourth- through sixth-grade urban children.Journal of Community Psychology,20,200-214.
15. Cowen, E. L.,Wyman, P. A.,Work, W. C.,Kim, J. Y.,Fagen, D. B.,Magnus, K. B.(1997).Follow-up of young stress-affected and stress-resilient urban children.Development & Psychopathology,9,565-577.
16. Dumont, M.,Provost, M. A.(1999).Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression.Journal of Youth & Adolescence,28,343-363.
17. Eccles, J.,Gootman, J.A.(2002).Community programs to promote youth development.Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
18. Garmezy, N.,J. Stevenson (Ed.)(1985).Recent research in developmental psychopathology.Oxford:Pergamon Press.
19. Garmezy, N.,Masten, A. S.,Tellegen, A.(1984).The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology.Child Development,55,97-111.
20. Garmezy, N.,R. J. Haggerty,L. R. Sherrod,N. Garmezy,M. Rutter (Eds.)(1994).Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
21. Glass, G. V.,McGaw, G.,Smith, M. L.(1981).Meta-analysis in social research.Beverly Hills, CA:Sage Publications.
22. Hoyt-Meyers, L.,Cowen, E. L.,Work, W. C.,Wyman, P. A.(1995).Test correlates of resilient outcomes among highly stressed second- and third-grade urban children.Journal of Community Psychology,23,326-338.
23. Hunter, J. E.,Schmidt, F. L.(1990).Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings.Newbury Park, CA:Sage Publications.
24. Jackson, S. C.,Martin, P. Y.(1998).Surviving the care system: Education and resilience.Journal of Adolescence,21,569-583.
25. Kazdin, A. E.,Kraemer, H. C.,Kessler, R. C.,Kupfer, D. J.,Offord, D. R.(1997).Contributions of risk-factor research to developmental psychopathology.Clinical Psychology Review,17(4),375-406.
26. Kilmer, R. P.,Cowen, E. L.,Wyman, P. A.(2001).A micro-level analysis of developmental, parenting, and family milieu variables that differentiate stress-resilient and stress-affected children.Journal of Community Psychology,29,391-416.
27. Liem, J. H.,James, J. B.,O`Toole, J. G.,Boudewyn, A. C.(1997).Assessing resilience in adults with histories of childhood sexual abuse.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,67,594-606.
28. Lin, K. K.,Scandler, I. N.,Ayers, T. S.,Wolchik, S. A.,Luecken, L. J.(2004).Resilience in parentally bereaved children and adolescents seeking preventive services.Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,33(4),673-683.
29. Losel, F.,Bliesener, T.(1994).Some high-risk adolescents do not develop conduct problems: A study of protective factors.International Journal of Behavioral Development,17,753-777.
30. Luthar, S. S.(1993).Annotation: Methodological and conceptual issues in the study of resilience.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,34,441-453.
31. Luthar, S. S.,Cicchetti, D.,Becker, B.(2000).The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work.Child Development,71(3),543-562.
32. Luthar, S. S.,Doernberger, C. H.,Zigler, E.(1993).Resilience is not a unidimensional construct: Insights from a prospective study of inner-city adolescents.Development and Psychopathology,5,703-717.
33. Magnus, K. B.,Cowen, E. L.,Wyman, P. A.,Fagen, D. B.,Work, W. C.(1999).Correlates of resilient outcomes among highly stressed African-American and White urban children.Journal of Community Psychology,27,473-488.
34. Mandleco, B. L.,Perry, J. C.(2000).An organizational framework for conceptualizing resilience in children.Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing,13(3),99-111.
35. Masten, A. S.(2001).Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development.American Psychologist,56(3),227-238.
36. Masten, A. S.,Coatsworth, J. D.(1998).The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments.American Psychologist,53,205-220.
37. Masten, A. S.,Garmezy, N.,B. B. Lahey,A. E. Kazdin (Eds.)(1985).Advances in clinical child psychology.New York:Plenum Press.
38. Masten, A. S.,Hubbard, J. J.,Gest, S. D.,Tellegen, A.,Garmezy, N.,Ramirez, M.(1999).Competence in the context of adversity pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence.Development and psychopathology,11,143-169.
39. McGloin, J. M.,Widom, C. S.(2001).Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up.Development and Psychopathology,13,1021-1038.
40. Moran, P. B.,Eckenrode, J.(1993).Protective personality characteristics among adolescent victims of maltreatment.Child Abuse and Neglect,16,743-754.
41. Padron, Y. N.,Waxman, H. C.,Huang, S. Y.(1999).Classroom behavior and learning environment differences between resilient and nonresilient elementary school students.Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk,4(1),65-82.
42. Pilowsky, D. J.,Zybert, P. A.,Vlahov, D.(2004).Resilient children of injection drug users.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,43,1372-1379.
43. Radke-Yarrow, M.,Brown, E.(1993).Resilience and vulnerability in children of multiple-risk families.Development & Psychopathology,5,581-592.
44. Reynolds, A. J.(1998).Resilience among black urban youth prevalence, intervention effects, and mechanisms of influence.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,68(1),84-100.
45. Rutter, M.(1999).Resilience concepts and findings: implications for family therapy.Journal of Family Therapy,21,119-144.
46. Rutter, M.(1985).Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder.British Journal of Psychiatry,147,598-611.
47. Rutter, M.,J. Rolf,A. S. Masten,D. Cicchetti,K. H. Nuechterlein,S. Weintraub (Eds.)(1990).Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology.New York:Cambridge University Press.
48. Schoon, I.,Bynner, J.(2003).Risk and resilience in the life course: Implications for interventions and social policies.Journal of Youth Studies,6(1),21-31.
49. Spaccarelli, S.,Kim, S.(1995).Resilience criteria and factors associated with resilience in sexually abused girls.Child Abuse & Neglect,19,1171-1182.
50. Tiet, Q. Q.,Bird, H. R.,Davies, M.,Hover, C.,Cohen, P.,Jensen, P. S.,Goodman, S.(1998).Adverse life events and resilience.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,37(11),1191-1200.
51. Tseng, W. C.(2004).A meta-analysis of student affairs professionals` job satisfaction.Journal of Taiwan Normal University: Education,49(2),161-182.
52. Werner, E. E.,Smith, R. S.(2001).Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience and recovery.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
53. Werner, E. E.,Smith, R. S.(1982).Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth.New York, NY:Adams, Bannister, Cox.
54. Werner, E. E.,Smith, R. S.(1992).Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
55. Wolf, F. M.(1986).Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis.Beverly Hill, CA:Sage Publications.
56. Wyman, P. A.,Cowen, E. L.,Work, W. C.(1999).Caregiving and developmental factors differentiating young at-risk urban children showing resilient versus stress-affected outcomes: A replication and extension.Child Development,70,645-659.
57. 朱森楠(2001)。一位國中中輟復學生的復原力及相關因素之探討研究。新竹縣教育研究集刊，1，171-202。
58. 李玉玲(2002)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立暨南國際大學輔導與諮商研究所。
59. 李景美、張鳳琴、賴香如、李碧霞、陳雯昭(2002)。台北縣市高職一年級學生成癮物質濫用之危險與保護因子研究。衛生教育學報，17，73-88。
60. 林秋燕(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。台灣高雄，國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所。
61. 范德鑫、中國測驗學會主編(1993)。心理測驗的發展與應用。台北:心理出版社。
62. 曾文志(2005)。大一學生歷經創傷事件與復原力模式之文獻分析研究。慈濟通識教育學刊，2，117-164。
63. 曾文志(2005)。復原力的構念與研究之分析。臺中護專學報，4，36-56。
64. 曾文志(2005)。戰勝逆境的秘訣：兒童發展的保護因子與機制。師友，459，33-39。
65. 蔡素妙(2002)。博士論文(博士論文)。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商系。

1. 涂雪貞(2023)。我堅持的走過來了—經濟弱勢女性單親家庭的復原。屏東科技大學社會工作系所學位論文。2023。1-141。 
2. 梁恩盈(2019)。國中生學業自主性動機、學業投入與不投入、學業復原力及因應方式之研究。臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系學位論文。2019。1-159。 
3. 古思潔(2016)。家庭復原力與父母身心健康狀況之相關研究:以發展遲緩兒童家庭為例。長榮大學社會工作學系（所）學位論文。2016。1-101。