Early Phonetic Development of Twins Differ in Auditory Function: A Longitudinal Analysis of Infants from 9 to 36 Months

聽障及聽常雙胞胎幼童語音發展：9-36個月長期觀察研究

10.7084/LIS.201012.0069

陳麗美(Li-Mei Chen)；李佳錚(Chia-Cheng Lee)

聽障兒童 ； 音節複雜度 ； 人工電子耳 ； hearing-impaired children ； syllable complexity ； cochlear implant

語文與國際研究

7期（2010 / 12 / 01）

69 - 87

英文

本研究觀察一對異卵雙胞胎（聽障孩童A和聽常孩童B）的音節複雜度以及聲母發展。語料來自孩童與媽媽間的自然互動。聽障的哥哥在出生後即發現爲極重度聽障，在14個月的時候植入人工電子耳。本研究語料收集由9至36個月，將每一卷錄音的前50個可辨識的音節加以分析。主要研究結果：1)除了21-27個月，孩童B語音發聲率高於孩童A。雖然孩童A在21-27個月時發聲率高，但正確率仍比孩童B低；2)孩童A在18個月出現完整聲母韻母音節，在27個月時才穩定出現足夠數量的完整聲母韻母音節，但孩童B從9個月開始已經穩定出現完整聲母韻母音節；3)孩童A在約33個月的時候的聲母多樣性才與孩童B在21個月時相似；4)聽常孩童主要使用重複CV或VC音節，或是使用相同聲母類型的CVC音節，隨著年紀增長，不同聲母類型的CVC音節增加。聽障兒童27個月之後才由主要使用單韻母或有聲聲母音節，轉換到重複CV或VC音節，或是使用相同聲母類型的CVC音節。至於不同聲母類型的CVC音節則很少使用。當孩童B在18個月快速語言發展時，孩童A在27個月才開始快速發展。本研究中聽障幼童裝置電子耳一年後，語音發展雖然延遲但發展模式和聽常幼童類似，並有趕上的趨勢。

Consonantal development and syllable complexity were analyzed in one pair of twins from the age of 9 to 36 months: one had a cochlear implant while the other had typical hearing. The hearing-impaired child (Child A) was diagnosed with profound hearing loss and received cochlear implantation in his left ear at the age of 14 months. After implantation, he engaged in regular language therapy every week. His younger twin sister (Child B) was recruited for the age-matched comparison. Bi-weekly recordings were made of natural interactions between the mother and the twins. The first 50 identifiable syllables from each session were transcribed and analyzed. Major findings with reference to Moeller et al. (2007) are as follows. First, Child B's volubility was consistently higher than Child A, except during the period from 21 to 27 months. Although Child A's volubility was higher than Child B, his production was less accurate than Child B. Second, canonical babbling was first found in Child A at 18 months and became stable from 27 months on, while Child B started canonical babbling as early as 9 months of age. Third, Child A's consonantal diversity at 33 months was similar to that of Child B at 21 months of age. Finally, Child A shifted from mainly utterances of a single vowel or voiced consonants to utterances of repetitive CV, VC, or CVC with single consonant type at 27 months, seldom using two or more consonant types in a single utterance; Child B mainly used utterances of repetitive CV, VC, or CVC with single consonant type in all sessions, moving toward utterances of two or more consonant types. The results indicate that the hearing-normal child showed remarkable progress in consonant inventory and syllable complexity from 18 months of age; a similar progress was not found in the hearing-impaired child until 27 months of age. In addition, after implantation for one year, the hearing-impaired child demonstrated a delayed but similar pattern in phonetic development as the normal-hearing child. Moreover, the gap between these two children narrowed after reaching 27 months of age.

1. Chen, L.-M.,Yang, J.-C.(2009).Tone acquisition by prelingually deaf children using cochlear implants.Languages, Literary Studies and International Studies,6,1-12.
   連結：
2. Chen, T.-Y.(2007).National Cheng Kung University.
3. Cheng, W.-J.(2005).National Central University.
4. Clement, C. J.,Den Os, E. A.,Koopmans-van Beinum, F. J.(1994).The development of vocalizations of hearing impaired infants.Proceedings of the Institute of Phonetic Sciences Amsterdam
5. Colletti, V.,Carner, M.,Miorelli, V.,Guida, M.,Colletti, L.,Fiorino, F. G.(2005).Cochlear implantation at under 12 months: Report on 10 patients.Laryngoscope,115,445-449.
6. Eilers, R. E.,Oller, D. K.(1994).Infant vocalizations and the diagnosis of severe hearing impairment.Journal of Pediatrics,124(2),199-203.
7. Ertmer, D. J.,Mellon, J. A.(2001).Beginning to talk: at 20 months: Early vocal development in a young cochlear implant recipient.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,44,192-206.
8. Kent, R. D.,Osberger, M. J.,Netsell, R.,Hustedde, C. G.(1987).Phonetic development in identical twins differing in auditory function.Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders,52,64-75.
9. Koopmans-van Beinum, F. J.,Clement, C. J.,van den Dikkenberg-Pot, I.(2001).Babbling and the lack of auditory speech perception: A matter of coordination?.Developmental Science,4,61-70.
10. Koopmans-van Beinum, F. J.,Clement, C. J.,van den Dikkenberg-Pot, I.(1998).Influence of lack of auditory speech perception on sound productions of deaf infants.Berne, Switzerland:International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development.
11. Lee, P.-C.(2001).Intelligibility of aspirated and unaspirated words by hearing-impaired students.The Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation,9,133-158.
12. Li, Y.-J.(2006).Providence University.
13. Locke, J. L.,Pearson, D. M.(1992).Vocal learning and the emergence of phonological capacity.Phonological development: models, research, implications,Timonium:
14. Luo, X.,Fu, Q.-J.(2006).Contribution of low-frequency acoustic information to Chinese speech recognition in cochlear implant simulations.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,120(4),2260-2266.
15. Moeller, M. P.,Hoover, B.,Putman, C.,Arbataitis, K.,Bohnenkamp, G.,Peterson, B.,Wood, S.,Lewis, D.,Pittman, A.,Stelmachowicz, P.(2007).Vocalizations of infants with hearing loss compared with infants with normal hearing: Part I phonetic development.Ear & Hearing,28(5),605-627.
16. Oller, D. K.,Eilers, R. E.(1988).The role of audition in infant babbling.Child Development,59,441-449.
17. Paul, R.,Jennings, P.(1992).Phonological behavior in toddlers with slow expressive language development.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,35,99-107.
18. Pharr, A. B.,Ratner, N. B.,Rescorla, L.(2000).Syllable structure development of toddlers with expressive specific language impairment.Applied Psycholinguistics,21(4),429-449.
19. Schauwers, K.,Gillis, S.,Daemers, K.,De Beukelaer, C.,Govaerts, P. J.(2004).Cochlear implantation between 5 and 20 months of age: The onset of babbling and the audiologic outcome.Otology and Neurotology,25(3),263-270.
20. Smith, B.,Oller, D. K.(1981).A comparative study of premeaningful vocalizations produced by normally developing and Down's syndrome infants.Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders,46,46-51.
21. Stark, R. E(1972).Some features of the vocalizations of young deaf children.Third symposium on oral sensations and perceptions: The mouth of the infant,Springfield, Illinois:
22. Stark, R. E.(1983).Phonatory development in young normally hearing and hearing-impaired children.Speech of the hearing-impaired: Research, training, and personnel preparation,Baltimore, Maryland:
23. Steffens, M. L.,Eilers, R. E.,Fishman, L.,Oller, D. K.,Urbano, R. C.(1994).Early vocal development in tactually aided children with severe-profound hearing loss.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,37,700-711.
24. Stoel-Gammon, C.(1989).Prespeech and early speech development of two late talkers.First language,9,207-224.
25. Stoel-Gammon, C.(1991).Normal and disordered phonology in two-year-olds.Topics in Language Disorders,11,1-32.
26. Stoel-Gammon, C.(1988).Prelinguistic vocalizations of hearing impaired and normally hearing subjects: A comparison of consonantal inventories.Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders,53,302-315.
27. Thal, D. J.,Oroz, M.,McCaw, V.(1995).Phonological and lexical development in normal and late-talking toddlers.Applied Psycholinguistics,16,407-424.
28. Wei, C.-H.,Yang, H.-M.,Wu, J.-L.(2003).Speech perception In congenitally deaf children with cochlear implants.The Journal of Taiwan Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,39(1),12-17.