The "International Court" System in the Colonial History of Siam

暹羅殖民時期的國際法庭體系

10.7039/TJSAST.200804.0031

飯島明子(Akiko Iijima)

領事裁判權 ； 治外法權 ； 國際法庭 ； 內部殖民 ； consular jurisdiction ； extraterritoriality ； the International Court ； internal colonization

台灣東南亞學刊

5卷1期（2008 / 04 / 01）

31 - 64

英文

領事裁判權因1855年的「英暹通商條約」的締結而引進泰國；然而，把十九世紀中葉議定該條約的暹方人員所認知的領事裁判權當成「治外法權」則是有問題的。由於十九世紀下半葉亞洲人以及來自鄰近其他歐洲殖民被保護地的人民湧入暹羅，因此對暹羅官方來說，領事裁判權成為「惱人的治外法權」。 爲了控制領事裁判權所帶來之損害，一個國際法庭體系的雛形1874年在清邁建立。本文檢視此一國際法庭體系在十九世紀末到二十世紀初過渡時期的歷史糾葛，並特別注重泰北，因它加速了國際法庭體系的運作。整體而言，此一國際法庭體系有助於把西方觀念融入近代暹羅。由於上述情形牽涉到對於之前北方自治區之侵害，並且有一定的殖民行爲；因此，這種情形似乎可稱爲「內部殖民」，而且可與鄰近地區歐洲強權的殖民相互對照比較。

The consular jurisdiction was introduced into Siam by the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with Britain in 1855. It is problematic to regard the consular jurisdiction conceived by the Siamese negotiators of the treaty in the mid-nineteenth century as ”extraterritoriality” since the existing administrative practice accommodated mixed-bred people within the Siamese king's realm. However, owing to the influx of the Asiatic subjects and protégés from the neighboring European colonies, it became ”burdensome extraterritoriality” in the late nineteenth century. In order to restrict the detrimental consular jurisdiction, the International Court in a precursory form was first installed in Chiang Mai in 1874. This paper discusses the historical implication of the International Court system on the transitional phase in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth centuries with special focus on the local necessity of the North, which accelerated the implementation of the International Court system. In conclusion, the International Court system was instrumental in the process of internalization of the North into the incipient modern Siamese state. As the internalization involved encroachment upon the previously autonomous northern domain and was equipped with certain colonial practices, it might be described as internal colonization and should be very comparable to the colonization of the adjacent region by the European powers.

1. (1978).Phraratchahatthalekha Phrabat Somdet Phracom-klao Caoyuhua.Bangkok:Mahamakutratchawitthayalai.
2. (1874).Ratchakitcanubeksa [Government Gazette].Bangkok:
3. National Library of Thailand.
4. National Archives of Thailand.
5. Anderson, Benedict R. O`G.,Eliezer Ayal (ed.)(1978).The Study of Thailand: Analyses of Knowledge, Approaches, and Prospects in Anthropology, Art History, Economics, History and Political Science.Athens:Ohio University.
6. Baker, Chris,Pasuk Phongpaichit(2005).A History of Thailand.Cambridge University Press.
7. Brailey, Nigel(1968).University of London.
8. Engel, David M.(1978).Code and Custom in a Thai Provincial Court.Tucson:The University of Arizona Press.
9. Grabowsky, Volker(1999).Forced Resettlement Campaigns in Northern Thailand during the Early Bangkok Period.Journal of the Siam Society,87(1&2),45-86.
10. Grabowsky, Volker,Andrew Turton(2003).The Gold and Silver Road of Trade and Friendship: The McLeod and Richardson Diplomatic Missions to Tai States in 1837.Chiang Mai:Silkworm Books.
11. Great Britain, Parliament(1896).Report for the Year 1895 on the Trade of Chiengmai.Diplomatic and Consular Reports on Trade and Finance.
12. Treaty between Her Majesty and His Majesty the King of Siam for the Prevention of Crime in the Territories of Chiengmai, Lakon, and Lampoonchi, and for the Promotion of Commerce between British Burmah and the Territories aforesaid. Signed at Bangkok, September 3, 1883
13. Great Britain, Parliament(1874).Treaty with the King of Siam.London:
14. Great Britain, Parliament(1900).Report for the Year 1899 on the Trade and Commerce of the Consular District of Chiengmai.Diplomatic and Consular Reports.
15. Great Britain, Parliament(1897).Report for the Year 1896 on the Trade of Chieng mai.Diplomatic and Consular Reports on Trade and Finance. Siam.
16. Great Britain, Parliament(1857).Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Her Majesty and the Kings of Siam. Signed at Bangkok, April 18, 1855. With An Agreement Supplementary Thereto. Signed at Bangkok, May 13, 1856.
17. Iijima Akiko(1976).On the Consular Jurisdiction in Thailand: A Preliminary Note.Southeast Asian Studies,14(1)
18. Ishii Yoneo(1980).Notes on the Thai Texts of the Bowring, Harris and de Montigny Treaties: 1855-1856.The Societies and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Indian Subcontinent: Jubilee Volume Presented to Dr. Tatsuro Yamamoto on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday,1
19. Ishii Yoneo(1968).Three Texts of Law of Three Seals Showing the Area Governed by Ayutthayan Kings.Southeast Asian Studies,6(2)
20. James, Eldon R.(1922).Jurisdiction over Foreigners in Siam.The American Journal of International Law,16
21. Krasuang Kaset [Ministry of Agriculture](1968).Cremation Volume (Phraya Daruphanphithak, Sanit Phukaman).Bangkok:
22. Luang Nathabanja(1924).Extra-territoriality in Siam.Bangkok:
23. Morakot Ariya(1992).Sinakharinwirot University.
24. Nakorn Punnarong(1997).Panha Chaidaen Thai-Phama [Thailand-Burma Boundary Question].Bangkok:Thailand Research Fund & The Foundation for the Promotion of Social Sciences and Humanities Textbooks Project.
25. Namgoen Bunpiam(1987).Thai Court: Its History and Struggle for Independence.Bangkok:Samakhom Prawattisat.
26. Paisarn Piemmetawat(2000).King Chulalongkorn`s Journey to India 1872.Bangkok:River Books.
27. Prani Sirithon na Phathalung(1995).Phet Lanna.Chiang Mai:Phucatkan Sun Phak Nuea.
28. Ratanaporn Sethakul(1989).Northern Illinois University.
29. Ratanaporn Sethakul(1984).Warasan Manutsayasat.
30. Renard, Ronald D.(1987).The Delineation of the Kayah States Frontiers with Thailand: 1809-1894.Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,18(1)
31. Sachchidanand Sahai (Kanthika Sriudom trans.)(2003).India in 1872: As Seen by the Siamese.Bangkok:Toyota Thailand Foundation & The Foundation for the Promotion of Social Sciences and Humanities Textbooks Project.
32. Samnak Nayok Ratthamontri, Khanakanmakan Catphim Ekasan thang Prawattisat(1971).Ruang Song Tang Cao Prathetsarat Krung Rattanakosin Ratchakan thi 1..Bangkok:
33. Saratsawadi Ongsakun(1996).Watthanatham lae Kanmuang Lanna.Bangkok:Ton-or Grammy.
34. Saratsawadi Ongsakun(1996).Prawattisat Lanna.Bangkok:Amarin.
35. Sathian Lailak(ed.)(1935).Prachum Kotmai Pracam Sok.Annual Collection of Laws.
36. Sayre, Francis Bowes(1928).The Passing of Extraterritoriality in Siam.American Journal of International Law,22
37. Schomburgk, Sir Robert H.(1863).A Visit to Xiengmai, the Principal City of the Laos or Shan States.Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,292
38. Tanabe Shigeharu(1972).The Formation of Thai State Territory during the Chakri Reformation Period.Shirin,55(6)
39. Tanabe Shigeharu,Andrew Turton,Shigeharu Tanabe (eds.)(1984).Ideological Practice in Peasant Rebellions: Siam at the Turn of the Twentieth Century.Osaka:National Museum of Ethnology.
40. Thongchai Winichakul(1994).Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation.University of Hawaii Press.
41. Turton, Andrew(1998).Diplomatic Missions to Tai States by David Richardson and W.C. McLeod 1830-1839: Anthropological Perspective.Journal of the Siam Society,86
42. Wanlapha Khruathianthong(1976).Chulalongkorn University.
43. Wilson, Constance M.,C. M. Wilson,Lucien M. Hanks (eds.)(1985).The Burma-Thailand Frontier over Sixteen Decades: Three Descriptive Documents.Athens:Ohio University.