脆弱的共同體？東南亞人口販運的非傳統安全挑戰與區域回應

A Fragile Community? Human Trafficking as Non-Traditional Security Threat in ASEAN Community and Regional Responses

楊昊(Alan Hao Yang)；黎依芯(Huong LE THU)

人口販運 ； 東協共同體 ； 治理 ； 東協特別針對婦女與孩童的人口販運公約 ； 非傳統安全 ； human trafficking ； ASEAN Community ； ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons ； Especially Women and Children ； governance ； non-traditional security

台灣東南亞學刊

10卷3期（2015 / 10 / 01）

105 - 134

繁體中文

東南亞國家協會於2015年底正式宣布建成東協共同體（ASEANCommunity），成為東南亞區域整合的新里程碑。然而，共同體的緊密結合卻間接促成了跨國人口販運的網絡，構成嚴峻的非傳統安全威脅與挑戰。有鑑於此，本研究將從非傳統安全的角度剖析東南亞人口販運議題的發展，探討其對於東協共同體的衝擊與影響，並分析區域的回應。全文將分文三個部分：第一部分主要探討探討人口販運作為非傳統安全挑戰與共同體危機；第二部分進一步分析東協面對人口販運議題的三重結構困境；最後，本研究將以重新省思如何強化脆弱共同體的具體建議作為結語。

As ASEAN finalizes its Community building project in 2015, a more institutional and integrated process has been provided for Southeast Asian countries. Nevertheless, the ever closer integration facilitates the communications and networks of human trafficking in the region, posing severe non-traditional threats to the region. This paper addresses the issue of human trafficking in Southeast Asia through the lens of non-traditional security and assesses its impact to ASEAN Community. The first part of this paper deal with the concept of non-traditional security in terms of human trafficking issues. Then, it proceed to discuss how ASEAN corroborates with human trafficking issues through regional arrangements and national capacities. Finally, it concludes by providing policy suggestion to strengthen the fragile regional community.

1. 楊昊(2005)。安全治理的理論與實踐：以東南亞國協安全治理模式的建構與演化為例。臺灣政治學刊，9(2)，153-231。
   連結：
2. 譚偉恩(2015)。論簽證便捷措施下的孩童性剝削問題。臺灣國際法季刊，11(2)，109-141。
   連結：
3. ASEAN (2007) “ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers.” Website: http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-political-security-community/item/asean-declarationon-the-protection-and-promotion-of-the-rights-of-migrant-workers-3.(2015/11/20)
4. Parkinson, Charles (2015) “Southeast Asia Has a Plan to Tackle Human Trafficking, but There's an Elephant in the Room.” VICE News, May 19. Website: https://news.vice.com/article/southeast-asia-has-a-plan-to-tacklehuman-trafficking-but-theres-an-elephant-in-the-room. (2015/11/4)
5. ASEAN (1998) “Hanoi Plan of Action.” Website: http://www.asean.org/news/item/hanoi-plan-of-action. (2015/11/20)
6. ASEAN (2000) “ASEAN Plan of Action for Cooperation on Immigration Matters.”Website: http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-political-securitycommunity/item/asean-plan-of-action-for-cooperation-on-immigrationmatters.(2015/11/20)
7. ASEAN (2004) “ASEAN Declaration Against Trafficking in Persons Particularly Women and Children.” Website: http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-political-security-community/item/asean-declarationagainst-trafficking-in-persons-particularly-women-and-children-3.(2015/11/20)
8. BBC (2015) “Migrant Crisis: Migration to Europe Explained in Graphics.” BBC News, November 9. Website: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911. (2015/11/20)
9. ASEAN (2015)“ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.” Website: http://www.asean.org/news/ aseanstatement-communiques/item/asean-convention-against-trafficking-inpersons-especially-women-and-children. (2015/12/5)
10. ASEAN (1997) “ASEAN Vision 2020.” Website: http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-vision-2020. (2015/11/20)
11. Rosenblat, Mariana Olaizola (2015). “A Rational Approach to the Rohingya Crisis.” The Diplomat, July 8. Website: http://thediplomat.com/2015/07/arational-approach-to-the-rohingya-crisis/.( 2015/11/4)
12. ASEAN (2010) “Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity.” Website: http://www.asean.org/images/2012/publications/Master%20Plan%20on%20ASEAN%20Connectivity.pdf. (2015/11/20)
13. Graham, David A. (2015) “Burma Doesn't Want the Rohingya but Insists on Keeping Them.” The Atlantic Monthly Group, June 12. Website: http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/06/burmarohingya-migration-ban/395729/. ( 2015/12/5)
14. ASEAN (1999) “ASEAN Plan of Action To Combat Transnational Crime.”Website: http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-political-securitycommunity/item/asean-plan-of-action-to-combat-transnational-crime.(2015/11/20)
15. Kusalasari, Maria A. (2011) “Moving from State-Centered to People-Centered Security in ASEAN.” The Jakarta Post, July 19. Website: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/19/moving-state-centeredpeople-centered-security-asean.html#sthash.XZvrkukG.dpuf. (2015/11/25)
16. Acharya, Amitav(ed.),Goh, Evelyn(ed.)(2007).Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific: Competition, Congruence, and Transformation.Massachusetts:The MIT Press.
17. Acharya, Amitav(2009).Arguing about ASEAN: What Do We Disagree About?.Cambridge Review of International Affairs,22(3),493-499.
18. Acharya, Amitav(ed.),Goh, Evelyn(ed.)(2007).Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific: Competition, Congruence, and Transformation.Massachusetts:The MIT Press.
19. ASEAN Human Right Resource Center(2012).Violence, Exploitation, and Abuse and Discrimination in Migration Affecting Women and Children in ASEAN: A Baseline Study.Jakarta:ASEAN Human Right Resources Center.
20. Banpasirichote, Chantana(ed.),Doneys, Philippe(ed.),Hayes, Mike(ed.),Sengupta, Chandan(ed.)(2012).Mainstreaming Human Security: Asian Perspectives.Bangkok:Chula Global Network.
21. Caballero-Anthony, Mely(2006).Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Dilemmas in Securitisation.Singapore:Ashgate.
22. Caballero-Anthony, Mely,Cook, Alistair D. B.(2013).Non-traditional Security in Asia: Issues, Challenges, and Framework for Action.Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
23. Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud(ed.)(2013).An Atlas of Trafficking in Southeast Asia.London:I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd..
24. Collins, Alan(2003).Security and Southeast Asia: Domestic, Regional, and Global Issues.Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
25. Collins, Hannah(2014).Human Trafficking in the Indo-Asia-Pacific Region.The DISAM Annual,December,69-77.
26. Curley, Melissa(2012).Human Security's Future in Regional Cooperation and Governance.Australian Journal of International Affairs,66(5),527-541.
27. David, Fiona(2006).ASEAN and Trafficking in Persons: Using Data as a Tool to Combat Trafficking in Persons.Geneva:International Organization for Migration.
28. Emmers, Ralf,Greener-Barcham, Beth,Thomas, Nicholas(2006).Institutional Arrangements to Counter Human Trafficking in the Asia Pacific.Contemporary Southeast Asia,28(3),490-511.
29. Ford, Michael(ed.),Lyons, Lenore(ed.),van Schendel, Willem(ed.)(2012).Labour Migration and Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Critical Perspectives.London:Routledge.
30. Guan, The Cheng(ed.)(2012).Human Security: Securing East Asia's Future.London:Springer.
31. Hameiri, Shahar,Jones, Lee(2013).The Politics and Governance of Non-Traditional Security.International Studies Quarterly,57,462-473.
32. Hamilton-Hart, Natasha(2009).War and Other Insecurities in East Asia: What the Security Studies Field Does and Does not Tell Us.The Pacific Review,22(1),49-71.
33. Hoadley, Stephen(ed.),Rüland, Jürgen(ed.)(2006).Asian Security Reassessed.Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
34. Ishikawa, Sachiko(2011).Towards a People-Centric ASEAN: A Challenge for ASEAN in A New Era.Harvard Asia Quarterly,13(3),38-46.
35. Johns, William J.(2015).Theorising Human Rights: An Analytical Framework for ASEAN.Journal of Alternative Perspectives in Social Science,6(4),461-492.
36. Jones, William J.(2014).Universalizing Human Rights the ASEAN Way.International Journal of Social Science,3(3),72-89.
37. Maria, Amparita S. Sta(2012).Non-Traditional Security, Securitization, and Human Right in East Asia: Considerations for a Human Security Agenda.Ateneo Law Journal,57,325-342.
38. Munger, Frank W.(2015).Trafficking in Law: Cause Lawyer, Bureaucratic State and Right of Human Trafficking Victims in Thailand.Asian Studies Review,39(1),69-87.
39. Munro, Peter(2012).Harbouring the Illicit: Borderlands and Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia.Crime, Law, and Social Change,58,159-177.
40. Rafferty, Yvonne(2007).Children for Sale: Child Trafficking in Southeast Asia.Child Abuse Review,16,401-422.
41. RSIS Centre for Non-Traditional Security (NTS) Studies(2014).Consultative Roundtable on the Humanitarian Dimension and Protection Aspect of Trafficking in Persons.the RSIS Centre for NTS Studies,Singapore:
42. Siroj, Sorajjakool(2013).Human Trafficking in Thailand: Current Issues, Trends, and the Role of the Thai Government.Chiang Mai:Silkworm Books.
43. Song, Jiyoung(ed.),Cook, Alistair(ed.)(2015).Irregular Migration and Human Security in East Asia.Abingon Oxon:Routledge.
44. Stanslas, Pooja Theresa(2010).Transborder Human Trafficking in Malaysian Waters: Addressing the Root Causes.Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce,41(4),595-606.
45. Steinfatt, Thomas M.(2011).Sex Trafficking in Cambodia: Fabricated Numbers versus Empirical Evidence.Crime, Law, and Social Change,56,443-462.
46. Thein, Swe,Chambers, Paul(2011).Cashing in Across the Golden Triangle: Thailand's Northern Border Trade with China, Laos, and Myanmar.Chiang Mai:Mekong Press.
47. United States Department of State(2015).2015 Trafficking in Persons Report.Washington:US State Department.
48. Walk Free Foundation(2014).The Global Slavery Index 2014.Australia:Hope for Children Organization Australia Ltd..
49. 中華經濟研究院台灣東協研究中心編(2015)。東協共同體與臺灣：回顧與展望。臺北:中華經濟研究院台灣東協研究中心。
50. 蔡育岱(2014)。人類安全與國際關係：概念、主題與實踐。臺北:五南圖書。