從語料庫觀點探討古詩節律

The Metrics of Gu-shi: A Corpus-based Approach

10.6393/JCLT.201004.0001

蕭宇超(Yu-Chau E. Hsiao)

語料庫 ； 漢語詩歌 ； 非中心語 ； 極度重音 ； 陽性節律 ； 陰性節律 ； 靜拍 ； 優選理論 ； 浮動制約 ； corpus ； Chinese verse ； non-head ； stress maximum ； masculine rhythm feminine rhythm ； silent beat ； Optimality Theory ； floating constraint

華語文教學研究

7卷1期（2010 / 04 / 01）

1 - 25

繁體中文

傳統詩行的格律通常以音節音步爲單位，學者對於音步的定義鮮少涉及到句法與重音的關係。此外，古詩不似絕律，沒有聲調平仄格律，即使是絕律，亦有不少詩行遠反平仄規範。如此看來，漢語詩歌之所以成詩，不純粹是由聲調或者音節音步來決定，應該還有其他抽象的原則存在。本文觀察古詩語料庫，認爲古詩節律必須同時考量「語法重音」與「節律重音」的搭配，句法上的「非中心語」獲得重拍，「極度重音」不可落在節律輕拍位置上。在「優選理論」的框架下，本文提出一雙「對整制約」來篩選韻行，【S對整】可篩選陽性韻行，【W對整】可篩選陰性韻行。藉由「浮動制約」機制，正確地預測古詩節律的特性。

The meter of tradition al Chinese verse is usually based on the phrasing of the syllabic foot, which is seldom related to the connection between syntax and stress. In addition, unlike jue-lu, gu-shi is not subsumed under the restrictions of ping-ze tone template, In fact, many lines of Jue-lu violate the ping-ze rules as well. At this point, whether a line qualifies to be a verse is not solely determined by tone or footing, but there should ex is t other abs tract principles. Observing from a corpus of gu-shi, this paper considers that the key to the metrics is the correlation between grammatical stress and metrical stress; a syntactic non-head constituent receives stress, and the stress maximum may not corresponds to a weak metrical position. Under the framework of Optimality Theory, this paper posits a pair of alignment constraints to account for the verse lines; Align-S serves to select a masculine line, whereas Align-W serves to select a feminine line, The positing of a floating constraint then correctly predicts the metrical pattern s of gu-shi.

1. Duanmu, San(2005).Tonal patterns in Chinese regulated verse: a corpus study.Taiwan Journal of Linguistics,3(1),1-32.
   連結：
2. Hsiao, Yuchau E.(2006).The metrical structure of Changhua folk verse.Concentric: Studies in Linguistics,32(1),1-29.
   連結：
3. Anttila, Arto. (2000). Derived environment effects in Colloquial Helsinki Finnish ROA 406-0800.
4. Anttila, Arto,Cho, Young-mee Yu(1998).Variation and change in Optimality Theory.Lingua,104,31-56.
5. Chen, Matthew Y.(1979).Metrical structure: evidence from Chinese poetry.Linguistic Inquiry,10,371-420.
6. Chen, Matthew Y.(1980).The primacy of rhythm in verse: a linguistic perspective.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,8,15-41.
7. Chen, Matthew. Y.(1984).Unfolding latent principles of literary taste: poetry as a window onto language.Tsinghua Journal of Chinese Studies,16,203-240.
8. Duanmu, San(2004).A corpus study of Chinese regulated verse: phrasal stress and the analysis of variability.Phonology,21,43-89.
9. Goldsmith, John A.(1990).Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
10. Halle, Morris,Keyser, Samuel Jay(1971).English Stress: Its Form, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse.New York:Harper and Row.
11. Hinskens, Frans(ed.),Van Hout, Roeland(ed.),Wetzels, W. Leo(ed.)(1997).Variation, Change and Phonological Theory.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
12. Hsiao, Yucchau E.(1991).The Syntax-Phonology Interface as the Key to Metricality: Evidence from Taiwanese Folk Songs.Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics,16,77-98.
13. Hsiao, Yuchau E.(2007).The Metrical Structure of Taiwanese Nursery Rhymes: A Corpus Study.Stylistics: Prospect & Retrospect,Amsterdam:
14. Hsiao, Yuchau E.(1991).Syntax, Rhythm and Tone: A Triangular Relationship.Taipei:Crane Publishing Co., Ltd..
15. Huang, Ting(2007).National Chengchi University.
16. Inkelas, Sharon,Zoll, Cheryl(2007).Is grammar dependence real? A comparison between cophonological and indexed constraint approaches to morphologically conditioned phonology.Linguistics,45(1),133-171.
17. Kiparsky, Paul(1975).Stress, syntax, and meter.Language,51,576-616.
18. Lu, Ming-chang(2006).National Taiwan Normal University.
19. Mair, Victor H.,Mei, Tsu-Lin(1991).The Sanskrit origins of recent style prosody.Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,51(2),375-470.
20. McCarthy, John J.(2008).Doing Optimality Theory.Malden, MA:Blackwell.
21. Nagy, Naomi G.,Reynolds, William(1997).Optimality theory and variable word-final deletion in Faetar.Language Variation and Change,9,37-55.
22. Odden, David(1988).Anti-antigemination and the OCP.Linguistic Inquiry,19,451-475.
23. Odden, David(1986).Anti-Antigemination.Proceedings of Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (ESCOL),3,421-432.
24. Orgun, Cemil Orhan(1996).University of California, Berkeley.
25. Prince, Alan,Smolensky, Paul(1993).Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar.MA:Blackwell Publishers.
26. Reynolds, William(1994).University of Pennsylvania.
27. Ripley, Stephen(1980).Some findings on tone patterns in Tang regulated verse.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,8,126-48.
28. Zuo, Yan(2002).Netherlands,Tilburg University.
29. 吳瑾瑋(2007)。從優選理論分析杜甫近體詩律。臺北:文鶴出版社。
30. 邱燮友注譯(1976)。新譯唐詩三百首。臺北:三民書局。
31. 蕭宇超、黃婷(2007)。華語手指謠之韻律研究。華語文教學研究，4(2)，29-42。
32. 譚外元、周流溪(2008)。漢語的節律結構的語素制約分析。湖南文理學院學報，33(6)，120-125。

1. 鄧敏君(2013)。原文との対照からみた翻訳者個人のスタイルに関する研究—劉慕沙の翻訳作品を例に―。日本語日本文學，39，90-114。
2. 吳瑾瑋(2018)。《聖經》漢語譯本《箴言》之韻律風格分析。中國學術年刊，40(1)，75-105。