從語意內涵及方言對比試析華語多義助動詞「要」的功能分布

Disambiguating Mandarin Polysemous Auxiliary YAO^4 with Distinctive Features and Contrastive Dialectal Analysis

許婷婷(Christina Ting-Ting Hsu)

助動詞 ； 欲求情態 ； 義務情態 ； 主觀化 ； 動態力 ； auxiliary ； volitive modality ； deontic modality ； Subjectification ； Force Dynamics

華語文教學研究

10卷1期（2013 / 03 / 01）

1 - 30

繁體中文

華語助動詞「要」的功能主要有三種：欲求情態、義務情態、以及表鄰近未來（immediate future）；三者雖來源相關但卻隨其語意語法特徵的不同而分布相異，因此得以違反形－義對應原則在共時平面上用「要」的形式並存。本文中我們主要以「動態力」理論（Force Dynamics, Talmy 2000）中主語上的正反作用力為區辨性特徵、以各功能之主觀化程度與方式的不同為輔助條件、並對照閩南語情態助動詞「愛」與「卜」的發展脈絡與分布限制，來探討華語助動詞「要」之各功能的分工與互補。我們發現，由於「愛」與「卜」的功能在華語由「要」囊括，因此後者的解讀需較多限制與提示，亦即「動態力」與主觀化的概念會對「要」的辨義更有幫助。

Mandarin polysemous auxiliary yao^4 (要) involves three main semantic functions: volitive modality, obligative modality, and immediate future, which are closely interrelated in diachronic development and synchronically complemented with each other regarding semantic and syntactic distributions; those distributional significances enable the three polysemous functions to be represented by one shared form yao^4 (要) without causing misinterpretations from the violence of form-meaning correspondences. In our study, it is found that the presence or absence of the two force-dynamic features [+F] (reacting force) and [-F] (counterforce) (based on Force Dynamics, Talmy 2000) on the grammatical subjects can help distinguish the multi-functions of yao^4 (要). Furthermore, varying degrees or types of subjective involvement in the completeness of propositional meanings are beneficial in disambiguating the polysemous usages of yao^4 (要) as well. In particular, to make the distributional patterns of yao^4 (要) clearer, the dialectal analysis of the two modal auxiliaries ai^3 (愛) and beh^4 (卜) in Southern Min were added to do comparison with the behaviors of polysemous yao^4 (要); the result showed that while arbitrariness are reduced in Southern Min because the functions of polysemous auxiliary yao^4 (要) are divided by ai^3 (愛) and beh^4 (卜), there need to be more distributional restrictions or conversational cues for Mandarin users to elicit adequate interpretations of the multi-functional yao^4 (要); therefore, the notions of Force Dynamics and Subjectification (Langacker 1990) could be more useful in disambiguating the functions of yao^4 (要) in Mandarin.

1. Chomsky, Noam A.(1957).Syntactic Structures.The Hague:Mouton.
2. Conrad, Rudi(ed.)(1988).Lexikon Sprachwissenschaftlicher Termini.Leipzig:VEB Bibliographisches Institut.
3. Dixon, R.M.W.(ed.)(1976).Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages.New Jersey, USA:Hukanities Press Inc..
4. Greenberg, Joseph H.(2001).Universals of Human Language.Stanford California:Stanford University Press.
5. Greenberg, Joseph H.(ed.)(1978).Universals of Human Language.Stanford California:Stanford University Press.
6. Heine, Bernd(1993).Auxiliaries: Cognitive forces and grammaticalization.New York:Oxford University Press.
7. Hsu, Tingting C.(2012).Subjectification and the development of deontic modals.New Reflections on Grammaticalisation,United Kingdom:
8. Jarvella, Robert J.(ed.),Klein, Wolfgang(ed.)(1982).Speech, Place, and Action: Studies in Deixis and Related Topics.New York:John Wiley.
9. Langacker, Ronald W.(1991).Foundations of Cognitive Grammar.Stanford, California:Stanford University Press.
10. Langacker, Ronald W.(1990).Subjectification.Cognitive Linguistics,1,5-38.
11. Langacker, Ronald W.(1985).Observations and speculations on subjectivity.Iconicity in Syntax, Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, Stanford, June 24-6, 1983,Amsterdam:
12. Langacker, Ronald W.(1980).Syntactic reanalysis.Mechanisms of Syntactic Change,Austin:
13. Li, Charles N.(ed.)(1980).Mechanisms of Syntactic Change,Austin:
14. Lightfoot, David(1979).Principles of Diachronic Syntax.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
15. Marcheese, Lynell(1986).Tense/aspect and the development of auxiliaries in Kru languages.Arlington:The Summer Institute of Linguistics.
16. Palmer, F. R.(2001).Mood and Modality.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
17. Peyraube, Alain(2001).On the modal auxiliaries of volition in Classical Chinese.Sinitic Grammar: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives,London:
18. Pullum, Geoffrey K.,Wilson, Deirdre(1977).Autonomous syntax and the analysis of auxiliaries.Language,53,741-88.
19. Stein, Dieter(ed.),Wright, Susan(ed.)(1995).Subjectivity and Subjectivisation.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
20. Sweetser, Eve(1990).From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
21. Talmy, Leonard(2000).Toward a Cognitive Semantics.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
22. Traugott, Elizabeth(1989).On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: an example of Subjectification in semantic change.Language,3(1),31-55.
23. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs(ed.),Heine, Bernd(ed.)(1991).Approaches to Grammaticalization.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing.Co..
24. 王力(1989)。漢語語法史。北京=Beijing:商務印書館=The Commercial Press。
25. 連金發(2010)。臺灣閩南語欲求情態和否定的動態分析；競爭和演變。歷時演變與語言接觸：中國東南方言，香港=Hong Kong:
26. 楊伯峻、何樂士(1992)。古漢語語法及其發展。北京=Beijing:語文出版社=Language and Culture Press。
27. 蔡維天(2010)。談漢語模態詞的分布與詮釋之對應關係。中國語文，2010(3)，208-221。
28. 盧卓群(1997)。助動詞“要”漢代起源說。古漢語研究，1997(3)，45-48。

1. 郭維茹(2015)。多義情態詞「要」來源試探。漢學研究，33(3)，1-34。