臺灣大學生的請求策略與當代華語教材請求語義公式之比較

A Comparative Study on the Request Strategies of College Students and the Semantic Formulas of Mandarin Textbooks in Taiwan

陳梅影(Mei-Ying Chen)；曾嘉悌(Chia-Ti Tseng)

請求行為 ； 禮貌標記語 ； 面子 ； 華語為第二語 ； 華語教材 ； requests ； politeness expressions ； face ； teaching Chinese as a second language ； Mandarin textbooks

華語文教學研究

12卷3期（2015 / 09 / 01）

125 - 151

繁體中文

本研究探討臺灣兩套華語文教材對話之請求公式。通過與臺灣大學生請求策略的比對，發現教材與學生之請求公式雖頗為相似，但也有些許差異。大致說來，教材與臺灣學生多傾向間接請求策略，並在請求中心語之前先陳述理由。當面對高位者如教師時，教材及學生多會使用「教授」或「老師」等稱謂詞作為起始行為語，以顯示尊重且符合華人社交禮貌之稱謂準則。若以請求策略類型來看，則學生之請求策略類型較為多元，使用的策略數亦較多。當面對高位者，學生還會採用輔助策略如問候語「老師好」，或道歉語「抱歉打擾您」、「不好意思」等禮貌標語；而在請求中心語之後，亦會表達感謝，而教材則無此設計。建議教材編寫應添加禮貌標記語的功用。

This study compared the request semantic formula in two sets of Mandarin textbooks to the request strategies of Taiwanese students. The results showed that the textbooks and the students were similar in that both favored indirect request strategies combining with a statement of reasons. In addition, complying with the address maxim of Chinese politeness, both the textbooks and Taiwanese students used titles such as ＂jiào shòu (professor)＂ or ＂lǎo shī (teacher)＂ to show respect towards a person of high status. Apart from these similarities, the students differed from the textbooks regarding the uses of politeness expressions as supportive strategies. For example, when interacting with a high-status, most students would begin with greeting ＂lǎo shī hǎo (teacher good)＂, apologizing ＂bào qiàn dǎ rǎo nín (Sorry to bother you)＂, or ＂bù hǎo yì sī (I'm sorry)＂ at the pre-request phase. Therefore, textbooks design should address how these politeness expressions function in the request speech act.

1. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana(1987).Indirectness and politeness in requests: same or different?.Journal of Pragmatics,11(1),131-46.
2. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana,House, Julian,Kasper, Gabriele(1989).Cross-cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies.Norwood, NJ:Ablex Publishing.
3. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana,Olshtain, Elite(1984).Requests and apologies: a cross-cultural study of speech acts realization patterns (CCSARP).Applied Linguistics,5(3),192-212.
4. Bouton, Lawrence(1996).Pragmatics and language learning.Pragmatics and Language Learning,Urbana-Champaign:
5. Boxer, Diana,Pickering, Lucy(1995).Problems in the presentation of speech acts in ELT materials: the case of complaints.ELT Journal,49,44-58.
6. Brown, Penelope,Levinson, Stephen(1987).Politeness: Some Universals of Language Use.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
7. Carter, Ronald,McCarthy, Michael(2004).Talking, creating: interactional language, creativity, and context.Applied Linguistics,25(1),62-88.
8. Gee, James(2005).An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method.New York:Routledge.
9. Gilmore, A.(2011)."I Prefer Not Text": developing Japanese learners communicative competence with authentic materials.Language Learning,61(3),786-819.
10. Gu, Yue-guo(1990).Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese.Journal of Pragmatics,14,237-257.
11. Hong, Wei(1996).An empirical study of Chinese request strategies.International Journal of the Sociology of Language,122,127-138.
12. Jiang, Xiangying(2006).Suggestions: What should ESL students know?.System,34,36-54.
13. Kasper, Gabriele(ed.)(1995).Pragmatics of Chinese as Native and Target Language.Honolulu, Hawaii:University of Hawaii.
14. Leech, Geoffrey(1983).Principles of Pragmatics.London:Longman.
15. Lee-Wong, Song Mei(1994).Imperative in request: direct or impolite - observations from Chinese.Pragmatics,4(4),491-515.
16. Lin, Yuh-Huey(2009).Query preparatory modals: cross-linguistic and crosssituational variations in request modification.Journal of Pragmatics,41,1636-1656.
17. Mao, L. M.(1994).Beyond politeness theory: "face" revisited and renewed.Journal of Pragmatics,21(5),451-486.
18. McKay, Sandra(ed.),Hornberger, Nancy(ed.)(1996).Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
19. Mir, Montserrat(1992).Do we all apologize the same? - an empirical study on the act of apologizing by Spanish speakers learning English.Pragmatics and Language Learning,3,1-19.
20. Rose, Kenneth(ed.),Kasper, Gabriele(ed.)(2001).Pragmatics in Language Teaching.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
21. Searle, J. R.(2001).Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
22. Spencer-Oatey, Helen(2008).Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory.London:Continuum.
23. 李捷、何自然、霍永壽(2011)。語用學十二講。上海=Shanhai:華東師範大學出版社=East China Normal Universeity Press。
24. 凌來芳(2003)。中英請求言語行為策略選擇之比較。合肥工業大學學報，17(5)，142-146。
25. 國立臺灣師範大學(2008)。實用視聽華語3。臺北=Taipei:正中書局=Cheng Chung Bookstore。
26. 國立臺灣師範大學(2008)。實用視聽華語2。臺北=Taipei:正中書局=Cheng Chung Bookstore。
27. 國立臺灣師範大學(2008)。實用視聽華語5。臺北=Taipei:正中書局=Cheng Chung Bookstore。
28. 國立臺灣師範大學(2008)。實用視聽華語4。臺北=Taipei:正中書局=Cheng Chung Bookstore。
29. 國立臺灣師範大學(2008)。實用視聽華語1。臺北=Taipei:正中書局=Cheng Chung Bookstore。
30. 張紹杰、王曉彤(1997)。「請求」言語行為的對比研究。現代外語，77，63-72。
31. 彭媛(2012)。語際語「請求」言語行為的對比研究。華中農業大學學報，97，132-137。
32. 葉德明(2004)。遠東生活華語3。臺北=Taipei:遠東圖書公司=The Far East Book。
33. 葉德明(2004)。遠東生活華語2B。臺北=Taipei:遠東圖書公司=The Far East Book。
34. 葉德明(2004)。遠東生活華語2A。臺北=Taipei:遠東圖書公司=The Far East Book。
35. 葉德明(2004)。遠東生活華語1。臺北=Taipei:遠東圖書公司=The Far East Book。
36. 盧惠惠(2011)。現代漢語詞彙學。上海=Shanhai:學林出版社=Xuelin publisher。
37. 顧曰國(1992)。禮貌、語用與文化。外語教學與研究，1992(4)，10-17。

1. 陳梅影(2016)。臺灣學生與馬來西亞僑生於請求與拒絕行為之道歉語分析。臺灣華語教學研究，12，27-42。
2. 陳梅影(2021)。華語教材分析：以語用訊息、話語標記及言語行為為例。管理資訊計算，10(特刊1)，43-51。
3. (2021).A corpus-based study of directives in Taiwanese Southern Min.Concentric： Studies in Linguistics,47(2),300-336.