形各異而實相通－現代漢語句末情態虛詞與英語語調

Different in Form but Similar in Function: Modern Mandarin Utterance-Final Modality Particles and English Intonation

屈承熹(Chauncey C. Chu)

漢語情態虛詞 ； 英語語調 ； 主位 ； 預設 ； 共識 ； Mandarin modality particles ； English intonation ； theme/rheme ； common ground ； presupposition

華語文教學研究

14卷2期（2017 / 06 / 01）

41 - 64

繁體中文

現代漢語句末情態虛詞與英語語調，雖然形式各異，而其功能卻極為相似。本文先簡略介紹英語語調研究的發展，以及近年來現代漢語句末虛詞之研究成果，進而比較匹配兩者之間功能的異同。研究發現，雖然英語語調標示「述位」、「焦點」之功能， 並非漢語句末情態虛詞所能執行，但就標示「主位」、「預設」、「確定」、「共識」、「對比／連接」而言，兩者間則具有極高的對應度。其中除了「呢」所標示的「對比／連接而外，其他均能最終回溯到「共識之確認與否」及「共識之確認出於發話者或受話者」兩個基本觀念，與Steedman（2000, 2014）所提出有關英語語調功能的主張頗為一致。

Mandarin utterance-final modality particles and English intonation, though totally different in form, are quite similar in function. This paper first outlines the development of modern English intonation studies and recent findings in studies of some common Mandarin utterance-final modality particles. It then tries to match the two systems for their similar functions. In spite of the fact that the functions of English intonation to mark ＂focus＂ and ＂rheme＂ do not have a match for the Mandarin particles, it is found that between the two systems there is a high degree of correspondence in their marking of ＂theme＂, ＂presupposition＂, ＂certainty＂, ＂common ground＂ and ＂contrast/continuity.＂ Furthermore, all those functions, except for ＂contrast/continuity＂ which is signaled by ne in Mandarin, can be traced back to two basic concepts: realization in common ground and speaker/hearer agency in that realization. This seems to highly agree with what Steedman (2014:47) proposes for the functions of English intonation.

1. Pike, Kenneth L. 1945. The Intonation of American English. The University of Michigan Press.
2. Bolinger, Dwight(1986).Intonation and Its Parts: Melody in Spoken English.Stanford University Press.
3. Bolinger, Dwight(1989).Intonation and Its Use: Melody in Grammar and Discourse.Stanford University Press.
4. Chu, Chauncey C.(1998).A Discourse Grammar of Mandarin Chinese.New York:Peter Lang.
5. Chu, Chauncey C.(2002).Relevance theory, discourse markers and the Mandarin utterance-final particle A/Ya.Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association,37(1),1-42.
6. Chu, Chauncey C.(2009).Relevance and the Discourse Functions of Mandarin utterance-final particles.Language and Linguistic Compass,3(1),282-299.
7. Constant, Noah(2010).Mandarin NE as contrastive topic.Workshop on Prosody, Syntax and Information
8. Constant, Noah(2012).English rise-fall-rise: A study in the semantics and pragmatics of intonation.Linguistics and Philosophy,35(5),407-442.
9. Steedman, Mark(2014).The surface-compositional semantics of English intonation.Language,90(1),2-57.
10. Steedman, Mark(2000).Information structure and the syntax-phonology interface.Linguistic Inquiry,31,649-689.
11. 王璨(2006)。吉林大學=Jilin University。
12. 李大勤(2001)。「WP 呢」問句疑問功能的成因試析。語言教學與研究，6，52-62。
13. 屈承熹(2000)。題的表達形式與語用關係。現代中國語研究，1，18-34。
14. 屈承熹、潘文國譯(2006)。漢語篇章語法。北京語言文化大學出版社=Beijing Language and Culture University Press。
15. 徐晶凝(2008)。現代漢語話語情態研究。北京=Beijing:昆侖出版社=Kunlun Publications。

1. 徐宏欣(2020)。要，不要「呢」？疑問句構與篇章功能的互動。華語文教學研究，17(4)，71-94。