語料驅動學習融入華語課堂之教學設計

Designing Data-Driven Learning Activities for the Chinese as a Second Language Classroom

王炳勻(Ben Pin-Yun WANG)；許展嘉(Chan-Chia HSU)；龍水水(Shuishui LONG)；丁曉穎(Xiaoying LILES)

索引行 ； 發現式學習 ； 語料庫檢索 ； 學習者自主 ； 歸納式學習 ； concordance lines ； corpus consultation ； discovery learning ； inductive learning ； learner autonomy

華語文教學研究

17卷3期（2020 / 09 / 01）

103 - 137

繁體中文

有鑑於學界較少關注語料庫在華語課堂的應用，本文旨在探討如何將不同類型的語料驅動學習（data-driven learning）與各種課堂教學內容有機地結合起來，分別針對其直接和間接模式，提出引導歸納式的系統化教學流程，並藉由具體教學示例，說明語料驅動學習活動設計原則，這些示例涵蓋搭配教學、近義詞辨析教學、格式教學以及句式教學四個面向。藉由在課堂上引導學生直接檢索語料庫，或間接地分析教師從語料庫篩選出的真實語料，學習者便可透過這種發現、歸納式的方法，意識到語言使用的規律，進而促進華語的學習。最終目標為使學習者具備自主學習的能力，能夠獨立使用語料庫工具解決在華語學習過程中遇到的難題，從而提高自己的語言水平。

Little attention has been paid to the use of corpus tools in the Chinese as a second language classroom. To fill this gap, this article explores how to incorporate distinct approaches to data-driven learning (DDL) in teaching different aspects of Chinese lexico-grammar in the classroom. We have proposed systematic instructional procedures that involve hands-on and hands-off DDL, respectively. Such guided-inductive procedures are further illustrated by model DDL instructional activities, which cover the teaching of collocation, near-synonyms, as well as phrasal and sentential patterns. The inductive DDL tasks designed in this project require learners to directly consult Chinese corpora, or indirectly analyze the concordance lines prepared beforehand, all under the guidance of the instructor. The short-term goal is to facilitate the learning of Chinese by helping students discover language patterns based on corpus data. The ultimate goal is to develop learner autonymy, empowering students with the ability to use corpora as a learning aid.

1. Bai, Jianhua(2009).Chinese Grammar Made Easy: A Practical and Effective Guide for Teachers.New Haven:Yale University Press.
2. Boulton, Alex(2012).Hands-on/hands-off: Alternative approaches to data-driven learning.Input, Process and Product: Developments in Teaching and Language Corpora,Brno:
3. Boulton, Alex(2010).Data-driven learning: Taking the computer out of the equation.Language Learning,60(3),534-572.
4. Boulton, Alex(2017).Corpora in language teaching and learning.Language Teaching,50(4),483-506.
5. Boulton, Alex,Cobb, Tom(2017).Corpus use in language learning: A meta-analysis.Language Learning,67(2),348-393.
6. Carter, Ronald,McCarthy, Michael(1995).Grammar and the spoken language.Applied Linguistics,16(2),141-158.
7. Chambers, Angela(2007).Popularising corpus consultation by language learners and teachers.Corpora in the Foreign Language Classroom,Amsterdam:
8. Chambers, Angela(2010).What is data-driven learning?.The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics,London:
9. Chen, Howard Hao-jan,Wu, Jian-cheng,Yang, Christine Ting-yu,Pan, Iting(2016).Developing and evaluating a Chinese collocation retrieval tool for CFL students and teachers.Computer Assisted Language Learning,29(1),21-39.
10. Flowerdew, Lynne(2015).Data-driven learning and language learning theories: Whither the twain shall meet.Multiple Affordances of Language Corpora for Data-driven Learning,Amsterdam:
11. Flowerdew, Lynne(2009).Applying corpus linguistics to pedagogy: A critical evaluation.International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,14(3),393-417.
12. Gilquin, Gaëtanelle,Granger, Sylviane(2010).How can data-driven learning be used in language teaching?.The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics,London:
13. Granath, Solveig(2009).Who benefits from learning how to use corpora?.Corpora and Language Teaching,Amsterdam:
14. Johns, Tim(1986).Microconcord: A language-learner’s research tool.System,14(2),151-162.
15. Johns, Tim(1994).From printout to handout: Grammar and vocabulary teaching in the context of data-driven learning.Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar,Cambridge:
16. Johns, Tim(1991).Should you be persuaded: Two examples of data-driven learning.Classroom Concordancing
17. Kaltenböck, Gunther,Mehlmauer-Larcher, Barbara(2005).Computer corpora and the language classroom: On the potential and limitations of computer corpora in language teaching.ReCALL,17(1),65-84.
18. Kennedy, Claire,Miceli, Tiziana(2001).An evaluation of intermediate students’ approaches to corpus investigation.Language Learning & Technology,5(3),77-90.
19. Kilgarriff, Adam,Baisa, Vít,Bušta, Jan,Jakubíče, Miloš,Kovář, Vojtěch,Michelfeit, Jan,Rychlý, Pavel,Suchomel, Vít(2014).The Sketch Engine: Ten years on.Lexicography,1(1),7-36.
20. Kilgarriff, Adam,Keng, Nicole,Smith, Simon(2015).Learning Chinese with the Sketch Engine.Corpus Linguistics in Chinese Contexts,London:
21. Leech, Geoffrey(1997).Teaching and language corpora: A convergence.Teaching and Language Corpora,London:
22. Liu, Dilin,Zhong, Shouman(2016).L2 vs. L1 use of synonymy: An empirical study of synonym use/acquisition.Applied Linguistics,37(2),239-261.
23. Liu, Yuehua,Yao, Tao-chung,Bi, Nyan-ping,Shi, Yaohua,Ge, Liangyan(2018).Integrated Chinese.Boston:Cheng & Tsui Company Inc.
24. Long, Mike(1991).Focus on form: A design feature in language teaching methodology.Foreign Language Research in Cross-Cultural Perspective,Amsterdam:
25. Mair, Christian(2002).Empowering non-native speakers: The hidden surplus value of corpora in continental English departments.Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis,Amsterdam:
26. Mukherjee, Joybrato(2006).Corpus linguistics and language pedagogy: The state of the art—and beyond.Corpus Technology and Language Pedagogy: New Resources, New Tools, New Methods,Frankfurt am Main:
27. O’Sullivan, Íde(2007).Enhancing a process-oriented approach to literacy and language learning: The role of corpus consultation literacy.ReCALL,19(3),269-286.
28. Römer, Ute(2011).Corpus research applications in second language teaching.Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,31,205-225.
29. Schmidt, Richard W.(1990).The role of consciousness in second language learning.Applied Linguistics,11(2),129-158.
30. Smith, Simon(2011).Corpus-based tasks for learning Chinese: A data-driven approach.The Asian Conference on Technology in the Classroom Official Conference Proceedings 2011
31. Smith, Simon,Chen, Alice,Kilgarriff, Adam(2008).A corpus query tool for SLA: Learning Mandarin with the help of Sketch Engine.Corpus Linguistics, Computer Tools, and Applications—State of the Art,Frankfurt am Main:
32. Sripicharn, Passapong(2010).How can we prepare learners for using language corpora?.The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics,London:
33. Vyatkina, Nina(2016).Data-driven learning of collocations: Learner performance, proficiency, and perceptions.Language Learning & Technology,20(3),159-179.
34. Vyatkina, Nina(2020).Corpora as open educational resources for language teaching.Foreign Language Annals,53(2),359-370.
35. Warren, Martin(2016).Introduction to data-driven learning.The Routledge Handbook of Language Learning and Technology,London:
36. Whistle, Jeremy(1999).Concordancing with students using an “off-the-Web” corpus.ReCall,11(2),74-80.
37. Xu, Jiajin(2019).The corpus approach to the teaching and learning of Chinese as an L1 and an L2 in retrospect.Computational and Corpus Approaches to Chinese Language Learning,Singapore:
38. Yeh, Meng,Zhang, Xian(2018).Corpus-based instruction: Teaching discourse-linking jiu (就) in storytelling.Chinese as a Second Language,53(1),1-23.
39. 洪煒, Wei(2013)。漢語作為第二語言的近義詞教學實證研究。世界漢語教學，27(3)，424-432。
40. 荀恩東, Endong,饒高琦, Gaoqi,肖曉悅, Xiaoyue,臧嬌嬌, Jiaojiao(2016)。大數據背景下 BCC 語料庫的研製。語料庫語言學，3(1)，93-118。
41. 陳浩然, Hao-jan Howard,潘依婷, I-ting(2017)。語料庫與華語教學。語料庫與華語教學，臺北=Taipei:

1. 張莉萍(2022)。在職華語教師語料庫素養培訓初探。華語文教學研究，19(4)，83-124。
2. (2024).Data-driven Learning of Locative Phrases in Chinese: Beginner Learners' Performance and Perception.華語文教學研究,21(1),71-105.