共同富裕思想的延績－回顧中國南方對蝦養殖業的起步

Getting Rich together, and Its Aftermath: The History of Shrimp Aquaculture Development in Southern China

10.30152/JCDC.201007.0002

黃瑜(Yu Huang)

對蝦養殖 ； 農村發展 ； 共同富裕 ； 治理術 ； shrimp aquaculture ； rural development ； common good ； governance

中國飲食文化

6卷2期（2010 / 07 / 01）

35 - 65

繁體中文

中國現在是世界第一的水產大國，產量占全世界近百分之七十。廣東雷州半島本以農業生產爲主，在八○年代中期開始發展對蝦養殖業，之後歷經快速的成長，該地區現已成爲全國最大的對蝦養殖基地。一些農業經濟學家認同古典經濟學的觀點，認爲人是理性的經濟人。對蝦養殖業作爲一種副業生產，在人民公社解散後得到快速發展是必然的，因爲集體經濟的「大鍋飯」束縛了人的積極性，一旦國家退出對經濟的計劃控制，市場機制的無形槓桿便會加強人們工作上的積極性。本文作者認爲，這種唯市場論在解釋農村經濟轉變的過程顯得太過於簡單化，尤其是忽視了國家在推動市場經濟發展所起到的主導作用。本文回顧中國南方對蝦養殖業的創立，從土地開發、市場主體積極性培養以及科技普及三方面探索曆史的傳承和延續，駁斥新自由主義「無形手」的論調，強調中國從「計劃經濟」向「市場經濟」轉變的過程中，政府遠遠沒有退出管理，其角色轉換只是從「政府」(government)變爲「治理」(governance)。對蝦養殖業的發展，並不是對毛時代集體化的改寫或否定，而恰恰對其的利用和延伸。養蝦業的起步離不開毛時代互惠互利和共同富裕思想的延續。

China is now the largest aquaculture producer in the world, accounting for nearly 70 percent of global production. The Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong Province, which used to depend on agricultural production, witnessed the rapid development of shrimp aquaculture in the mid 1980s and has by now become the largest shrimp production base in China. Some agriculture economists echo the concept of Homo economicus as prposed by classical economists, and regard humans as rational actors. They hail the fast development of shrimp aquaculture as the natural outcome of the collapse of communes, on the grounds that the rational lever of the market spontaneously motivated the entrepreneurial spirit of farmers. However, the author argues that this notion of market determinism appears too simplistic in explaining the transition of the rural economy in China, especially as it fails to take into account the state's essential role in facilitating the birth of the ”market.” This paper gives an overview of the development of shrimp aquaculture industry in south China, tracing the historical continuities and changes in three aspects of the development: land development, market subjectivity formation, and scientific popularization. Through a critique of ”invisible hand” rationale, this paper argues that in the transition from the ”planned economy” to the ”market economy,” the Chinese state did not retreat, but only shifted its role from ”government” to ”governance.” The development of shrimp aquaculture did not represent a turnover or denial of Maoist collectivezation, but actually relied on the extension of the Maoist policies of seeking mutual benefit and the common good.

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