分離權利與差異權利：以1920-1992的伊拉克庫德族爲例

10.30167/JOIT.200906.0031

唐玉禮

伊拉克庫德族 ； 庫德斯坦 ； 少數民族 ； 民族分離運動 ； 差異權利

亞東學報

29期（2009 / 06 / 01）

285 - 306

繁體中文

庫德族是中東地區一支古老的民族，以西方民族國家發展軌跡及其應具備之條件來看，足以成爲一個民族國家，卻沒有達成，後來成爲中東地區民族衝突的引爆點之一。但一個民族的目標有幾種選擇？只能追求政治獨立嗎？ 本文以文獻研究爲主，著重在探討伊拉克庫德族做爲一個少數民族，其訴求獨立的分離權利與要求差別待遇的差異權利之正當性和可能性；首先整理學者對庫德族問題之研究，讓吾人一窺庫德族的過去與現況，接著討論分離權利與差異權利的內涵與主張，再說明伊拉克庫德族在伊拉克的遭遇，最後以分離權利與差異權利主張剖析伊拉克庫德族民族運動的選擇。 本文結論是：從分離權來看，其中道德權利的主張無助於徹底解決非西方地區的民族糾紛；有條件的分離權在於補救統治者統治行爲之不當、不正義，但此時少數民族已受到相當傷害，即使想反抗，恐怕也無足夠力量。在分離主義之實踐層次上，還是主權原則與國家利益至上，民族問題仍須回到一國之內來解決。因此，差異權利的觀點相當具有參考價值。

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