题名

員工創新投入與創新績效之探討:以兩家台灣科技服務企業為例

并列篇名

An Exploration of Innovative Process Engagement and Individual Performance in 2 Technology Service Companies of Taiwan

作者

張碧惠(Pi-Hui Chang);蔡顯童(Hsien-Tung Tsai)

关键词

客戶參與 ; 社會交換理論 ; 創新投入 ; 創新績效 ; Bowen's model ; customer participation ; social exchange theory ; innovative process engagement

期刊名称

行銷評論

卷期/出版年月

17卷1期(2020 / 06 / 30)

页次

1 - 48

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

員工創新投入對於確保科技服務業之組織績效至關重要。然而,過去研究較少整合Bowen行為模型和社會交換理論來探討員工創新投入的前因與後果。本研究援引這兩個重要理論來探究員工創新參與及形成的機制,並以多元資料實證本研究之論點。本研究發現「創新能力」、「內部動機」及「角色清晰度」是員工創新投入和創新績效的關鍵中介機制;此外,這些中介效果係來自於「主管支持」、「團隊支援」與「客戶參與」的影響。經分量迴歸分析的結果,本研究並發現「主管支持」對不同創新能力之員工有截然不同的影響效果。本研究結論除深化過去個人創新行為學理外,亦提供經理人具體實務建議。

英文摘要

Employees' innovative process engagement is crucial in ensuring organizational performance in the technology services industry. However, few studies have examined its antecedents and mediation processes from both Bowen's behavioral model and social exchange theory. This study attempts to advance our understanding of the formation of employees' innovative process engagement by using these two theories. Using multiple measurement sources, we find support for the argument that role clarity, ability, and intrinsic motivation are key mediating mechanisms underlying employees' service innovation engagement and performance. Furthermore, these mediating constructs are function of perceived supervisor support, coworker support, and customer participation. Based on the result of a quantile regression analysis, our study also demonstrates that supervisor support differently influences the development of employees' innovative ability, depending on their ability levels. The authors conclude by considering some managerial and theoretical implications of the study's findings.

主题分类 社會科學 > 經濟學
社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. 蔡啟通(2007)。互動正義與組織承諾,組織公民行為:角色壓力之中介效果及領導行為之干擾效果。管理學報,24(3),253-276。
    連結:
  2. Acar, O. A.,Tarakci, M.,van Knippenberg, D.(2019).Creativity and innovation under constraints: A cross-disciplinary integrative review.Journal of Management,45(1),96-121.
  3. Ahearne, M.,Mathieu, J.,Rapp, A.(2005).To empower or not to empower your sales force? An empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction and performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,90(5),945-955.
  4. Amabile, T. M.(1996).Creativity in Context: Update to the Social Psychology of Creativity.London:Hachette UK.
  5. Amabile, T. M.(1983).The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,45(2),357-376.
  6. Amabile, T. M.(1988).A model of creativity and innovation in organizations.Research in Organizational Behavior,10(1),123-167.
  7. Amabile, T. M.,Barsade, S. G.,Mueller, J. S.,Staw, B. M.(2005).Affect and creativity at work.Administrative Science Quarterly,50(3),367-403.
  8. Anderson, N.,De Dreu, C. K.,Nijstad, B. A.(2004).The routinization of innovation research: A constructively critical review of the state ‐ of ‐ the ‐science.Journal of Organizational Behavior,25(2),147-173.
  9. Anderson, N.,Potočnik, K.,Zhou, J.(2014).Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5),1297-1333.
  10. Atwater, L.,Carmeli, A.(2009).Leader-member exchange, feelings of energy, and involvement in creative work.The Leadership Quarterly,20(3),264-275.
  11. Azarpira, G.,Yaghobi, A.,Forghani, M.,Soleimani, G.(2013).The relationship between role clarity and job compatibility in the sport and physical education office.International Journal of Sport Studies,3(2),194-198.
  12. Bandura, A.(1977).Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychological Review,84(2),191-215.
  13. Bandura, A.(2001).Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective.Annual Review of Psychology,52(1),1-26.
  14. Bandura, A.(1986).The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,4(3),359-373.
  15. Bandura, A.,Wessels, S.(1997).Self-Efficacy.New York:W.H. Freeman & Company.
  16. Bass, B. M.,Avolio, B. J.,Goodheim, L.(1987).Biography and the assessment of transformational leadership at the world-class level.Journal of Management,13(1),7-19.
  17. Bass, B.M.(1985).Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations.New York:Free Press.
  18. Beal, D. J.,Cohen, R. R.,Burke, M. J.,McLendon, C. L.(2003).Cohesion and performance in groups: A meta-analytic clarification of construct relations.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(6),989-1004.
  19. Bendapudi, N.,Leone, R. P.(2003).Psychological implications of customer participation in co-production.Journal of Marketing,67(1),14-28.
  20. Blau, P. M.(1964).Justice in social exchange.Sociological Inquiry,34(2),193-206.
  21. Bodla, A. A.,Tang, N.,Jiang, W.,Tian, L.(2018).Diversity and creativity in cross-national teams: The role of team knowledge sharing and inclusive climate.Journal of Management & Organization,24(5),711-729.
  22. Bollen, K. A.(1989).A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models.Sociological Methods & Research,17(3),303-316.
  23. Bonner, J. M.,Walker, O. C., Jr(2004).Selecting influential business‐to‐business customers in new product development: Relational embeddedness and knowledge heterogeneity considerations.Journal of Product Innovation Management,21(3),155-169.
  24. Bowen, D. E.(1986).Managing customers as human resources in service organizations.Human Resource Management,25(3),371-383.
  25. Bowen, D. E.,Schneider, B.(1995).Winning the Service Game.Boston, MA:Harvard Business School Press.
  26. Brady, M. K.,Cronin, J. J., Jr(2001).Some new thoughts on conceptualizing perceived service quality: A hierarchical approach.Journal of Marketing,65(3),34-49.
  27. Burke, C. S.,Stagl, K. C.,Klein, C.,Goodwin, G. F.,Salas, E.,Halpin, S. M.(2006).What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams? A meta-analysis.The Leadership Quarterly,17(3),288-307.
  28. Cacioppo, J. T.,Gardner, W. L.,Berntson, G. G.(1999).The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76(5),839-855.
  29. Carmeli, A.,Schaubroeck, J.(2007).The influence of leaders' and other referents' normative expectations on individual involvement in creative work.The Leadership Quarterly,18(1),35-48.
  30. Castellan, N. J., Jr.(Ed.)(1993).Individual and group decision making: Current issues.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc..
  31. Ceric, A.,D'Alessandro, S.,Soutar, G.,Johnson, L.(2016).Using blueprinting and benchmarking to identify marketing resources that help co-create customer value.Journal of Business Research,69(12),5653-5661.
  32. Chan, K. W.,Yim, C. K.,Lam, S. S.(2010).Is customer participation in value creation a double-edged sword? Evidence from professional financial services across cultures.Journal of Marketing,74(3),48-64.
  33. Chow, C. W.,Lai, J. Y.,Loi, R.(2015).Motivation of travel agents' customer service behavior an organizational citizenship behavior: The role of leader-member exchange and internal marketing orientation.Tourism Management,48,362-369.
  34. Claycomb, C.,Lengnick-Hall, C. A.,Inks, L. W.(2001).The customer as a productive resource: A pilot study and strategic implications.Journal of Business Strategies,18(1),47-69.
  35. Coelho, F.,Augusto, M.,Lages, L. F.(2011).Contextual factors and the creativity of frontline employees: The mediating effects of role stress and intrinsic motivation.Journal of Retailing,87(1),31-45.
  36. Creswell, J. W.(2008).Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson/Merrill Education.
  37. Czepiel, J.(Ed.),Solomon, M.(Ed.),Suaprenant, C.(Ed.)(1985).Managing Employee Customer Interaction.MA:Lexington Books.
  38. Dabholkar, P. A.,Bagozzi, R. P.(2002).An attitudinal model of technology-based self-service: Moderating effects of consumer traits and situational factors.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,30(3),184-201.
  39. Dansereau, F., Jr,Graen, G.,Haga, W. J.(1975).A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,13(1),46-78.
  40. Deci, E.,Ryan, R. M.(1985).Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior.New York:Pleum Press.
  41. Dellande, S.,Gilly, M. C.,Graham, J. L.(2004).Gaining compliance and losing weight: The role of the service provider in health care services.Journal of Marketing,68(3),78-91.
  42. Den Hartog, D. N.,Van Muijen, J. J.,Koopman, P. L.(1997).Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,70(1),19-34.
  43. Diala, I.,Nemani, R.(2011).Job satisfaction: Key factors influencing information technology (IT) professionals in Washington DC.International Journal of Computer Technology and Applications,2(4),829-830.
  44. Dweck, C. S.(2013).Self-Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development.New York:Psychology Press.
  45. Edvardsson, B.,Kristensson, P.,Magnusson, P.,Sundström, E.(2012).Customer integration within service development-A review of methods and an analysis of insitu and exsitu contributions.Technovation,32(7-8),419-429.
  46. Eisenberger, R.,Armeli, S.,Rexwinkel, B.,Lynch, P. D.,Rhoades, L.(2001).Reciprocation of perceived organizational support.Journal of Applied Psychology,86(1),42-51.
  47. Eisenberger, R.,Cummings, J.,Armeli, S.,Lynch, P.(1997).Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,82(5),812-820.
  48. Eisenberger, R.,Huntington, R.,Hutchison, S.,Sowa, D.(1986).Perceived organizational support.Journal of Applied Psychology,71(3),500-507.
  49. Ekvall, G.(1996).Organizational climate for creativity and innovation.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,5(1),105-123.
  50. Elliott, E. S.,Dweck, C. S.(1988).Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,54(1),5-12.
  51. Ennew, C. T.,Binks, M. R.(1999).Impact of participative service relationships on quality, satisfaction and retention: An exploratory study.Journal of Business Research,46(2),121-132.
  52. Erdogan, B.,Liden, R. C.(2002).Social exchanges in the workplace: A review of recent developments and future research directions in leader-member exchange theory.Leadership,Greenwich, CT:
  53. Fisher, S. G.,Hunter, T. A.(1997).Team or group? Managers' perceptions of the differences.Journal of Managerial Psychology,12(4),232-242.
  54. Ford, C. M.(1996).A theory of individual creative action in multiple social domains.Academy of Management Review,21(4),1112-1142.
  55. Ford, L. R.,Seers, A.(2006).Relational leadership and team climates: Pitting differentiation versus agreement.The Leadership Quarterly,17(3),258-270.
  56. Fornell, C.,Larcker, D. F.(1981).Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.Journal of Marketing Research,18(3),382-388.
  57. Gagné, M.,Deci, E. L.(2005).Self ‐ determination theory and work motivation.Journal of Organizational Behavior,26(4),331-362.
  58. George, J. M.(2007).Creativity in organizations.The Academy of Management Annals,1(1),439-477.
  59. George, J. M.,Reed, T. F.,Ballard, K. A.,Colin, J.,Fielding, J.(1993).Contact with AIDS patients as a source of work-related distress: Effects of organizational and social support.Academy of Management Journal,36(1),157-171.
  60. Gilson, L. L.,Shalley, C. E.(2004).A little creativity goes a long way: An examination of teams' engagement in creative processes.Journal of Management,30(4),453-470.
  61. Gist, M. E.,Mitchell, T. R.(1992).Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability.Academy of Management Review,17(2),183-211.
  62. Gong, Y.,Huang, J. C.,Farh, J. L.(2009).Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy.Academy of Management Journal,52(4),765-778.
  63. Gough, H. G.(1979).A creative personality scale for the adjective check list.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37(8),1398-1405.
  64. Graen, G. B.,Uhl-Bien, M.(1995).Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective.The Leadership Quarterly,6(2),219-247.
  65. Graen, G.,Cashman, J.(1975).A role-making model of leadership in formal organizations: A development approach.Leadership Frontiers,Kent, OH:
  66. Grant, A. M.(2008).Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity.Journal of Applied Psychology,93(1),48-58.
  67. Grant, A. M.,Berry, J. W.(2011).The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity.Academy of Management Journal,54(1),73-96.
  68. Hammond, M. M.,Neff, N. L.,Farr, J. L.,Schwall, A. R.,Zhao, X.(2011).Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: A meta-analysis.Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts,5(1),90-105.
  69. Henson, R. K.,Kogan, L. R.,Vacha-Haase, T.(2001).A reliability generalization study of the teacher efficacy scale and related instruments.Educational and Psychological Measurement,61(3),404-420.
  70. Hettiarachchi, H. A. H.(2014).Impact of job satisfaction on job performance of IT professionals: With special reference to Sri Lanka.International Journal of Research in Information Technology,2(4),906- 916.
  71. Hoever, I. J.,Zhou, J.,van Knippenberg, D.(2018).Different strokes for different teams: The contingent effects of positive and negative feedback on the creativity of informationally homogeneous and diverse teams.Academy of Management Journal,61(6),2159-2181.
  72. Hogan, J.,Hogan, R.,Busch, C. M.(1984).How to measure service orientation.Journal of Applied Psychology,69(1),167-173.
  73. Hsieh, A. T.,Yen, C. H.(2005).The effect of customer participation on service providers' job stress.The Service Industries Journal,25(7),891-905.
  74. Hu, J.,Erdogan, B.,Jiang, K.,Bauer, T. N.,Liu, S.(2018).Leader humility and team creativity: The role of team information sharing, psychological safety, and power distance.Journal of Applied Psychology,103(3),313-323.
  75. Hülsheger, U. R.,Anderson, N.,Salgado, J. F.(2009).Team-level predictors of innovation at work: A comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research.Journal of Applied Psychology,94(5),1128-1145.
  76. Ivancevich, J. M.,Donnelly, J. H., Jr(1974).A study of role clarity and need for clarity for three occupational groups.Academy of Management Journal,17(1),28-36.
  77. Janssen, O.(2000).Job demands, perceptions of effort‐reward fairness and innovative work behavior.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,73(3),287-302.
  78. Janssen, O.,Van Yperen, N. W.(2004).Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction.Academy of Management Journal,47(3),368-384.
  79. Janz, B. D.,Colquitt, J. A.,Noe, R. A.(1997).Knowledge worker team effectiveness: The role of autonomy, interdependence, team development, and contextual support variables.Personnel Psychology,50(4),877-904.
  80. Jeong, I.,Shin, S. J.(2019).High-performance work practices and organizational creativity during organizational change: A collective learning perspective.Journal of Management,45(3),909-925.
  81. Kadic-Maglajlic, S.,Boso, N.,Micevski, M.(2018).How internal marketing drive customer satisfaction in matured and maturing European markets?.Journal of Business Research,86,291-299.
  82. Kahn, W. A.(1990).Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work.Academy of Management Journal,33(4),692-724.
  83. Kay, M. B.,Proudfoot, D.,Larrick, R. P.(2018).There's no team in I: How observers perceive individual creativity in a team setting.Journal of Applied Psychology,103(4),432-442.
  84. Kelley, S. W.,Donnelly, J. H., Jr,Skinner, S. J.(1990).Customer participation in service production and delivery.Journal of Retailing,66(3),315-335.
  85. Khazanchi, S.,Masterson, S. S.(2011).Who and what is fair matters: A multifoci social exchange model of creativity.Journal of Organizational Behavior,32(1),86-106.
  86. Koenker, R.,Bassett, G., Jr.(1982).Robust tests for heteroscedasticity based on regression quantiles.Econometrica,50(1),43-61.
  87. Koenker, R.,Bassett, G., Jr.(1978).Regression quantiles.Econometrica,46(1),33-50.
  88. Koenker, R.,Hallock, K. F.(2001).Quantile regression.Journal of Economic Perspectives,15(4),143-156.
  89. Köhler, C. F.,Rohm, A. J.,de Ruyter, K.,Wetzels, M.(2011).Return on interactivity: The impact of online agents on newcomer adjustment.Journal of Marketing,75(2),93-108.
  90. Kottke, J. L.,Sharafinski, C. E.(1988).Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support.Educational and Psychological Measurement,48(4),1075-1079.
  91. Kubey, R.,Larson, R.,Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1996).Experience sampling method applications to communication research questions.Journal of Communication,46(2),99-120.
  92. Kwan, H. K.,Zhang, X.,Liu, J.,Lee, C.(2018).Workplace ostracism and employee creativity: An integrative approach incorporating pragmatic and engagement roles.Journal of Applied Psychology,21(3),187-197.
  93. Lazarus, R. S.(1991).Cognition and motivation in emotion.American Psychologist,46(4),352-367.
  94. Lee, H. W.,Pak, J.,Kim, S.,Li, L. Z.(2019).Effects of human resource management systems on employee proactivity and group innovation.Journal of Management,45(2),819-846.
  95. Liao, H.,Liu, D.,Loi, R.(2010).Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity.Academy of Management Journal,53(5),1090-1109.
  96. Lings, I. N.,Greenley, G. E.(2005).Measuring internal market orientation.Journal of Business Research,7(3),290-305.
  97. Locke, E. A.,Frederick, E.,Lee, C.,Bobko, P.(1984).Effect of self-efficacy, goals, and task strategies on task performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,69(2),241-251.
  98. Lu, S.,Bartol, K. M.,Venkataramani, V.,Zheng, X.,Liu, X.(2019).Pitching novel ideas to the boss: The interactive effects of employees' idea enactment and influence tactics on creativity assessment and implementation.Academy of Management Journal,62(2),579-606.
  99. Ma Prieto, I.,Pilar Perez-Santana, M.(2014).Managing innovative work behavior: The role of human resource practices.Personnel Review,43(2),184-208.
  100. Madjar, N.,Oldham, G. R.,Pratt, M. G.(2002).There's no place like home? The contributions of work and nonwork creativity support to employees' creative performance.Academy of Management Journal,45(4),757-767.
  101. Martinaityte, I.,Sacramento, C.,Aryee, S.(2019).Delighting the customer: Creativity-oriented high-performance work systems, frontline employee creative performance, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Management,45(2),728-751.
  102. McKelvey, B.,Sekaran, U.(1977).Toward a career-based theory of job involvement: A study of scientists and engineers.Administrative Science Quarterly,22(2),281-305.
  103. Mesmer-Magnus, J. R.,DeChurch, L. A.(2009).Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis.Journal of Applied Psychology,94(2),535-546.
  104. Michael, Y. L.,Berkman, L. F.,Colditz, G. A.,Holmes, M. D.,Kawachi, I.(2002).Social networks and health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors: A prospective study.Journal of Psychosomatic Research,52(5),285-293.
  105. Mills, P. K.,Morris, J. H.(1986).Clients as "partial" employees of service organizations: Role development in client participation.Academy of Management Review,11(4),726-735.
  106. Mumford, M. D.(2000).Managing creative people: Strategies and tactics for innovation.Human Resource Management Review,10(3),313-351.
  107. Nandal, V.,Krishnan, V. R.(2000).Charismatic leadership and self-efficacy: Importance of role clarity.Management and Labour Studies,25(4),231-243.
  108. Nickerson, R. S.(1998).Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises.Review of General Psychology,2(2),175-220.
  109. Nunnally, J. C.(1978).Psychometric Theory.New York:McGraw-Hill.
  110. Operti, E.,Carnabuci, G.(2014).Public knowledge, private gain: The effect of spillover networks on firms' innovative performance.Journal of Management,40(4),1042-1074.
  111. Organ, D. W.(1988).A restatement of the satisfaction-performance hypothesis.Journal of Management,14(4),547-557.
  112. Parker, S. K.,Williams, H. M.,Turner, N.(2006).Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work.Journal of Applied Psychology,91(3),636-652.
  113. Perugini, M.,Bagozzi, R. P.(2001).The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal‐directed behaviors: Broadening and deepening the theory of planned behavior.British Journal of Social Psychology,40(1),79-98.
  114. Phelan, S.,Young, A. M.(2003).Understanding creativity in the workplace: An examination of individual styles and training in relation to creative confidence and creative self‐leadership.Journal of Creative Behavior,37(4),266-281.
  115. Prahalad, C. K.,Ramaswamy, V.(2000).Co-opting customer competence.Harvard Business Review,78(1),79-90.
  116. Punia, P.(2011).Relationship between role clarity, job perception and performance of employees in a scientific research organization.Journal of Psychosocial Research,6(2),307-314.
  117. Puryear, J. S.,Kettler, T.,Rinn, A. N.(2017).Relationships of personality to differential conceptions of creativity: A systematic review.Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts,11(1),59-68.
  118. Reiter-Palmon, R.,Illies, J. J.(2004).Leadership and creativity: Understanding leadership from a creative problem-solving perspective.The Leadership Quarterly,15(1),55-77.
  119. Rhoades, L.,Eisenberger, R.(2002).Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature.Journal of Applied Psychology,87(4),698-714.
  120. Rindfleisch, A.,Malter, A. J.,Ganesan, S.,Moorman, C.(2008).Cross-sectional versus longitudinal survey research: Concepts, findings, and guidelines.Journal of Marketing Research,45(3),261-279.
  121. Rizzo, J. R.,House, R. J.,Lirtzman, S. I.(1970).Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations.Administrative Science Quarterly,15(2),150-163.
  122. Robbins, S. P.,Judge, T. A.(2007).Organizational Behavior.New York:Pearson Education, Inc..
  123. Rodrigues, A. P.,Pinho, J. C. M. R.(2010).Market orientation, job satisfaction, commitment and organizational performance: The specific case of local public sector.Transforming Government People, Process and Policy,4(2),172-192.
  124. Ryan, R. M.,Deci, E. L.(2000).Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions.Contemporary Educational Psychology,25(1),54-67.
  125. Sawyer, J. E.(1992).Goal and process clarity: Specification of multiple constructs of role ambiguity and a structural equation model of their antecedents and consequences.Journal of Applied Psychology,77(2),130-142.
  126. Schaufeli, W. B.,Martinez, I. M.,Pinto, A. M.,Salanova, M.,Bakker, A. B.(2002).Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,33(5),464-481.
  127. Seers, A.(1989).Team-member exchange quality: A new construct for role-making research.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,43(1),118-135.
  128. Sethi, R.,Smith, D. C.,Park, C. W.(2001).Cross-functional product development teams, creativity, and the innovativeness of new consumer products.Journal of Marketing Research,38(1),73-85.
  129. Shahab, Y.,Chengang, Y.,Arbizu, A. D.,Haider, M. J.(2019).Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention: Do entrepreneurial creativity and education matter?.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,25(2),259-280.
  130. Shalley, C. E.(1995).Effects of coaction, expected evaluation, and goal setting on creativity and productivity.Academy of Management Journal,38(2),483-503.
  131. Shalley, C. E.,Gilson, L. L.,Blum, T. C.(2009).Interactive effects of growth need strength, work context, and job complexity on self-reported creative performance.Academy of Management Journal,52(3),489-505.
  132. Shalley, C. E.,Perry-Smith, J. E.(2001).Effects of social-psychological factors on creative performance: The role of informational and controlling expected evaluation and modeling experience.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,84(2),1-22.
  133. Shalley, C. E.,Zhou, J.,Oldham, G. R.(2004).The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here?.Journal of Management,30(6),933-958.
  134. Soda, G.,Stea, D.,Pedersen, T.(2019).Network structure, collaborative context, and individual creativity.Journal of Management,45(4),1739-1765.
  135. Somech, A.(2006).The effects of leadership style and team process on performance and innovation in functionally heterogeneous teams.Journal of Management,32(1),132-157.
  136. Sternberg, R. J.(Ed.)(1999).Handbook of Creativity.New York:Cambridge University Press.
  137. Susskind, A. M.,Kacmar, K. M.,Borchgrevink, C. P.(2003).Customer service providers' attitudes relating to customer service and customer satisfaction in the customer-server exchange.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(1),179-187.
  138. Thangavelu, A.,Sudhahar, C(2017).Role clarity and job performance among the employees in small and medium IT industries.Research on Humanities and Social Sciences,7(17),2224-5766.
  139. Tierney, P.,Farmer, S. M.(2002).Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance.Academy of Management Journal,45(6),1137-1148.
  140. Tierney, P.,Farmer, S. M.(2004).The Pygmalion process and employee creativity.Journal of Management,30(3),413-432.
  141. Tortosa-Edo, V.,García-Sánchez, J.,Moliner-Tena, M. A.(2010).Internal market orientation and its influence on the satisfaction of contact personnel.The Service Industries Journal,30(8),1279-1297.
  142. Tsai, K. H.,Hsieh, M. H.,Hultink, E. J.(2011).External technology acquisition and product innovativeness: The moderating roles of R&D investment and configurational context.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,28(3),184-200.
  143. Tsai, W.,Ghoshal, S.(1998).Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks.Academy of Management Journal,41(4),464-476.
  144. Tse, H. H.,Dasborough, M. T.(2008).A study of exchange and emotions in team member relationships.Group & Organization Management,33(2),194-215.
  145. Ulaga, W.(2003).Capturing value creation in business relationships: A customer perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,32(8),677-693.
  146. Utman, C. H.(1997).Performance effects of motivational state: A meta-analysis.Personality and Social Psychology Review,1(2),170-182.
  147. van Esch, E.,Wei, L. Q.,Chiang, F. F.(2018).High-performance human resource practices and firm performance: The mediating role of employees' competencies and the moderating role of climate for creativity.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,29(10),1683-1708.
  148. Vargo, S. L.,Lusch, R. F.(2004).Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing.Journal of Marketing,68(1),1-17.
  149. Vieira-dos Santos, J.,Gonçalves, G.(2018).Organizational culture, internal marketing, and perceived organizational support in Portuguese higher education institutions.Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,34,38-45.
  150. West, M. A.(2002).Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups.Applied Psychology,51(3),355-387.
  151. West, M. A.(Ed.),Farr, J. L.(Ed.)(1990).Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and organizational strategies.Oxford, England:John Wiley & Sons.
  152. Wong, A.,Tjosvold, D.,Su, F.(2007).Social face for innovation in strategic alliances in China: The mediating roles of resource exchange and reflexivity.Journal of Organizational Behavior,28(8),961-978.
  153. Wood, R.,Bandura, A.(1989).Social cognitive theory of organizational management.Academy of Management Review,14(3),361-384.
  154. Woodman, R. W.,Sawyer, J. E.,Griffin, R. W.(1993).Toward a theory of organizational creativity.Academy of Management Review,18(2),293-321.
  155. Wulf, K. D.,Odekerken-Schröder, G.,Iacobucci, D.(2001).Investments in consumer relationships: A cross-country and cross-industry exploration.Journal of Marketing,65(4),33-50.
  156. Yuan, F.,Woodman, R. W.(2010).Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and image outcome expectations.Academy of Management Journal,53(2),323-342.
  157. Zhang, X.,Bartol, K. M.(2010).Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement.Academy of Management Journal,53(1),107-128.
  158. Zhou, J.,Shalley, C. E.(2003).Research on employee creativity: A critical review and directions for future research.Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management,Oxford, England:
  159. Zhou, Y.,Zhang, Y.,Montoro-Sanchez, Á .(2009).How do the reward approaches affect employees' innovative behaviors? An empirical study in Chinese enterprises.Academy of Management Proceedings,2009(1),1-6.
  160. 徐瑞廷(2016 年12 月13 日)。全球科技業TOP10 告訴你的3 大經營趨勢。經理人雜誌。存取日期: 2018 年10 月30 日, 取自:https://www.managertoday.com.tw/columns/view/53676
  161. 經濟部統計處(2016 年2 月16 日)。我國研發動能近五年成長5.6%。存取日期:2018 年10 月30 日, 取自:https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/post/Read.aspx?PostID=12149
  162. 經濟部統計處(2017 年9 月29 日)。工業生產統計年報。存取日期:2018 年10月30 日,取自: https://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/dos/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=9426