A Study on the Relationship between Business Ethics and Job Satisfaction, and the Moderating Effect of Cross-Cultural Management - Compare to the Subsidiaries Companies of the U. K. and Japan MNE in Taiwan

異文化管理對企業倫理與工作滿意關係之干擾影響－英日二國在台灣子公司之比較

10.3966/199553922014120803003

林彩梅(Tsai-Mei Lin)；古御呈(Yu-Cheng Ku)

企業倫理 ； 工作滿意 ； 異文化管理制度 ； business ethics ； job satisfaction ； cross-cultural management system

多國籍企業管理評論

8卷S期（2014 / 12 / 01）

37 - 67

英文

本研究以SPSS探討企業倫理與工作滿意之關係，以及兼論異文化管理之干擾影響，並比較英日二國在台灣子公司的差異。本研究透過郵寄採取隨機抽樣方式選出廠商為調查對象，並請MNE在台灣子公司主管填寫問卷（其中英國150家、日本400家，合計550家），計回收232份問卷，扣除22份無效問卷，有效問卷共有210份，有效問卷回收率為38.18%。本研究發現：企業倫理落實程度與工作滿意成正向相關以及異文化管理制度對企業倫理與工作滿意之干擾關係獲得支持。

This article examined the relationship between business ethics and job satisfaction, and the moderating effects of cross-cultural management systems, as displayed among Taiwanese subsidiary companies of British and Japanese multinational enterprises (MNEs). A total of 550 managers from Taiwanese subsidiary companies of British and Japanese MNEs (150 British subsidiaries and 400 Japanese subsidiaries) were surveyed to understand corporate culture differences. The questionnaire response rate was 38.18% (232), with 210 usable for analysis. Our empirical results indicated that there was a positive relationship between enterprises that managers deemed to be ethical and their own job satisfaction. Also supported is the finding of the moderating effect of cross-cultural management on the relationship between business ethics and job satisfaction, an approach endorsed within ethics literature. The findings indicated that organizational leaders could integrate business ethic systems as a means to generate a favorable work environment which enhances organizational outcomes.

1. Hoppock, R. (1935), Job Satisfaction. New York: Happer & Brother
2. U.N. Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (2003). Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights. U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2 (2003).
3. Aguilera, R. V.,Jackson, G.(2003).The cross-national diversity of corporate governance: dimensions and determinants.Academy of Management Review,28,447-465.
4. Appelbaum, S.,Kamal, R.(2001).An analysis of the utilization and effectiveness of nonfinancial incentives in small business.Journal of Management Development,19(9),733-763.
5. Belhoste, N.,Monin, P.(2013).Constructing differences in a crosscultural context: National distance, social differentiation or functional distinction.Human Relations,66,1529-1561.
6. Borman, W. C.(ed.),ligen, D. R.(ed.),Klimoski, R. J.(ed.)(2003).Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
7. Brayfield, A. H.,Rothe, H. F.(1951).An index of job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,35,307-311.
8. Carroll, A. B.(1991).The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders.Business Horizons,34,4-16.
9. Chen, Z.(2001).Further investigation of the outcomes of loyalty to supervisor: Job satisfaction and intention to stay.Journal of Managerial Psychology,16(8),650-660.
10. Chonko, L. B.,Hunt, S. D.(1985).Ethics and marketing management: An empirical examination.Journal of Business Research,13(4),339-359.
11. Degeorge, F.,Patel, J.,Zeckhauser, R.(1999).Earnings Management to Exceed Thresholds.The Journal of Business,72(1),1-33.
12. Dunnette, M. D.(ed.)(1976).Handbook of psychology: industrial and organizational psychology.Chicago:Rand McNally.
13. Eagley, A. H.,Chaiken, S.(1993).The psychology of attitudes.New York:Harcourt.
14. Ellickson, M. C.(2002).Determinants of job satisfaction of municipal government employees.Public Personnel Management,31(3),343-358.
15. Freeman, R. E.,Gilbert, D. E.(1988).Corporate Strategy and the Search for Ethics.Englewood Cliffs, NJ.:Prentice Hall.
16. Garrido, M. J.,Perez, P.,Anton, C.(2005).Determinants of sales manager job satisfaction: An analysis of spanish industrial firms.International Journal of Human Resource Management,16(1),1934-1954.
17. Gerde, V. W.,Spencer-Foster, R.(2008).X-Men ethics: using comic books to teach business ethics.Journal of Business Ethics,77(3),245-258.
18. Gini, A.,Marcoux, A. M.(2009).Case Studies in Business Ethics.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson Prentice Hall..
19. Hamermesh, D. S.(2001).The changing distribution of job satisfaction.Journal of Human Resources,36(1),1-30.
20. Handel, M. J.(2005).Trends in perceived job quality, 1989 to 1998.Work and Occupations,32(1),66-94.
21. Haroon. M.,Zaman, H. M.,Rehman, W.(2012).The Relationship between Islamic Work Ethics and Job Satisfaction in Healthcare sector of Pakistan.International Journal of Contemporary Business Studies,3(5),6-12.
22. Hedgecoe, A.(2008).Research Ethics Review and the Sociological Research Relationship.Sociology,42(5),873-886.
23. Holmgreen, L. L.,Askehave, I.(2013).Thematising intercultural collaboration: Discursive constructions of challenges and opportunities.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,13,339-356.
24. Hom, P. W.,Caranikas-Walker, F.,Prussia, G. E.,Griffeth, R. W.(1992).A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover.Journal of Applied Psychology,77(6),890-909.
25. Issa, T.,Pick, D.(2011).An interpretive mixed-methods analysis of ethics, spirituality and aesthetics in the Australian services sector.Business Ethics: A European Review,20(1),45-58.
26. Jamison, C. S.,Jamison, P. L.,Wallace, M.(2004).Contemporary work characteristics, stress, and ill health.American Journal of Human Biology,16(1),43-56.
27. Jones, T. M.,Gautschi III, F. H.(1988).Will the ethics of business change? A survey of future executives.Journal of Business Ethics,7(2),366-395.
28. Joyner, B. E.,Payne, D.(2002).Evolution and Implementation: A Study of Values, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,41,297-311.
29. Knights, D.(2009).The failure of regulation in banking: ethical reflections.13th European Business Ethics Network UK Conference,Bristol:
30. Koh, H. C.,Boo, E. H. Y.(2004).Organizational ethics and employee satisfaction and commitment.Management Decision,42(5),677-693.
31. Koh, H. C.,El'fred, H. Y.(2001).The link between organizational ethics and job satisfaction: A study of managers in Singapore.Journal of Business Ethics,29,309-324.
32. Koonmee, K.,Singhapakdi, Virakul, A. B.,Lee, D. J.(2010).Ethics institutionalization, quality of work life, and employee job-related outcomes: A survey of human resource managers in Thailand.Journal of Business Research,63(1),20-26.
33. Lin, T. M.(2006).Managerial philosophies, peace culture and the performance of multinational enterprises' cross cultural management.The 8th Multinational Enterprises International conference,Taipei:
34. Lin, T. M.(2003).Multinational Enterprises.Taipei:Wu-Nan.
35. Lin, T. M.(2009).The importance of business ethics and peaceful coexistence with the multinational enterprises' globalization.Multinational corporations Symposium Proceedings,3(1),13-22.
36. McCarthy, G.,Tyrrell, M. P.,Lehane, E.(2007).Intention to leave or stay in nursing.Journal of Nursing Management,15(3),248-255.
37. Mele, D.(2008).Integrating ethics into management.Journal of Business Ethics,78(3),291-297.
38. Nunnally, J. C.(1978).Psychometric theory.New York:McGraw-Hill.
39. Organ, D. W.(1990).The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior.Research in Organizational Behavior,12,43-72.
40. Ouchi, W. G.,Jaeger, A. M.(1978).Type Z organization: Stability in the midst of mobility.Academy of Management Review,3,293-317.
41. Patterson, M.,Warr, P.,West, M.(2004).Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,77,193-216.
42. Peters, T. J.,Waterman, R. H.(1982).In search of excellence: Lessons from America's best-run companies.New York:Harper & Row.
43. Raiborn, C. A.,Payne, D.(1990).Corporate Codes of Conduct: A Collective Conscience and Continuum.Journal of Business Ethics,9,897-889.
44. Schwepker, C. H.(2001).Ethical climate's relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in the salesforce.Journal of Business Research,54(1),39-52.
45. Stajkovic, A. D.,Luthans, F.(1997).Business ethics across cultures: a social cognitive model.Journal of World Business,32(1),17-34.
46. Taghizadeh, H.,Moghadam, S.,Yasrebdoost, H.,Razmi, A.(2013).Evaluation of the Relation of Business Ethics and Job Satisfaction.Research Journal of Recent Sciences,2(8),56-62.
47. Tourangeau, A. E.,Cranley, L. A.(2006).Nurse intention to remain employed: understanding and strengthening determinants.Journal of Advanced Nursing,55(4),497-509.
48. Traut, C. A.,Larsen, R.,Feimer, S. H.(2000).Hanging on or fading out? Job satisfaction and the long-term worker.Public Personnel Management,29(3),343-351.
49. Tutuncu, O.,Kozak, M.(2007).An investigation of factors affecting job satisfaction.International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration,8(1),1-19.
50. Valentine, S.,Fleischman, G.(2008).Ethics programs, perceived corporate social responsibility and job satisfaction.Journal of business ethics,77(2),159-172.
51. Valentine, S.,Greller, M.,Richtermeyer, S. B.(2006).Employee job response as a function of ethical context and perceived organization support.Journal of Business Research,59(5),582-588.
52. Veiga, J.,Lubatkin, M.,Calori, R.,Very, P.(2000).Measuring organizational culture clashes: A two-nation post-hoc analysis of a cultural compatibility index.Human Relations,53,539-559.
53. Velasquez, M. G.(1999).Business Ethics: Cases and Concepts.Englewood Cliffs, NJ.:Prentice Hall.
54. Vitell, S. J.,Davis, D. L.(1990).Ethical beliefs of MIS professional: The frequency and opportunity for unethical behavior.Journal of Business Ethics,9(1),63-70.
55. Weber, Y.,Rachman-Moore, D.,Tarba, S. Y.(2012).HR practices during post-merger conflict and merger performance.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,12,73-99.
56. Weiss, D. J.,Dawis, R. V.,England, G. W.,Lofquist, L. H.(1967).Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota.
57. Westover, J. H.(2012).Comparative international differences in intrinsic and extrinsic job quality characteristics and worker satisfaction, 1989-2005.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7),1-15.
58. Westover, J. H.(2012).A Cross-National Comparative Analysis of Job Quality and Perceived Worker Satisfaction: From Post and Neo-Fordist Perspectives.International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences,2(1),13-24.
59. Westover, J. H.(2011).A longitudinal analysis of changing job quality and worker satisfaction in Israel KCA.Journal of Business Management,3(1),1-14.
60. Williams, L. J.,Anderson, S. E.(1991).Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors.Journal of Management,17,601-617.
61. Wortzel, R.(1979).Multivariate analysis.New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
62. Yousef, D. A.(1998).Satisfaction with job security as a predictor of organizational commitment and job performance in a multicultural environment.International Journal of Manpower,19(3),184-194.
63. Zairi, M.,Peters, J.(2002).The impact of social responsibility on business performance.Managerial Auditing Journal,17(4),174-178.
64. Zaman, H. M.,Nas, Z.,Ahmed, M.,Raja, Y. M.,Marri, M. Y.(2013).The mediating role of Intrinsic Motivation between Islamic Work Ethics and Employee Job Satisfaction.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5,93-102.
65. Zopiatis, A.,Constanti, P.,Theocharous, A. L.(2014).Job involvement, commitment, satisfaction and turnover: Evidence from hotel employees in Cyprus.Tourism Management,41,129-140.