题名

以企業網絡觀點探討台灣中小企業赴大陸投資國際化歷程

并列篇名

A Perspective of Business Networks on the Internationalization Process of Taiwanese SMEs in China

DOI

10.3966/199553922015090902003

作者

李威龍(Wei-Long Lee)；唐怡萍(Yi-Ping Tang)

关键词

企業網絡 ； 國際化進程模式 ； 中小企業 ； 縱向研究 ； Business Network ； Internationalization ； SMEs ； Longitudinal Research

期刊名称

多國籍企業管理評論

卷期/出版年月

9卷2期（2015 / 09 / 01）

页次

149 - 176

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

企業網絡在中小企業的國際化過程中扮演舉足輕重的角色，企業往往透過網絡取得更多的資源（Johanson&Vahlne, 2009）。由於大陸改革開放後，台商紛紛赴大陸投資設廠，但近幾年大陸實施多項財經法規政策，使各項成本提高，部分台商因而將工廠移至勞力更低廉的東南亞國家，甚至回流台灣。在大陸市場環境改變的情形下，台商對於未來國際化發展將有何變化？本研究以台商赴大陸投資之國際化過程為研究範圍，主要採縱向研究法了解台商如何發展及階段性深耕大陸市場，分析企業隨時間推移在不同階段（滲透、調整、擴張）取得網絡資源對其承諾決策有何影響。藉由深度訪談台灣五家製造業者，以更宏觀的時間角度推演台灣中小企業進入大陸投資20年來的發展過程。研究結果顯示：滲透階段，由於初期缺乏資源與經驗知識，企業選擇心理距離較近的國家作為進入市場的基石；調整階段，透過合作夥伴取得夥伴關係之乘數效用，藉由網絡連結擴增其組織範圍；擴張階段，面對大陸環境的改變，台商多數仍選擇續留大陸或進入東南亞國家。
英文摘要

Business networks play an important role in the process of internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and companies tend to get more resourcesthrough the network (Johanson & Vahlne, 2009). Since the reformation of China, Taiwanese investments there have gradually set up factories. Owing to a number of financial regulations and policies implemented in recent years, the cost of Taiwanese investments increase. Some Taiwanese factories move to Southeast Asian countries that the cost of labor is cheaper, and even move back to Taiwan. What the changes of Taiwanese investments will be in the circumstance of market changes in China? In this study, our study range focus on the internationalization process of Taiwanese investment in China. We use longitudinal research to understand how deep the stage of Taiwan and China market development and analyze enterprise at different stages over time (penetration, adjustment, expansion) to obtain how the network resources decisions impact their commitments. After interviewing five Taiwanese manufacturers via in-depth interview, we hypothesize the development process that Taiwan SMEs enter China in there 20 years with a macroscopic prospect of time. This study's results show that Taiwanese businessmen's investments in China have occurred in three stages: (a) Penetration: Due to a lack of resources, experience, and knowledge in the early stages, enterprises chose a country at a closer psychological distance in which to build a foundation and enter another market. (b) Adjustment: Obtaining multiple partnership effects through cooperative partners and the expansion of network connections. (c) Expansion: Faced with future environmental changes, the majority of Taiwanese businessmen choose to either remain in China or enter Southeast Asian countries.
主题分类 社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. 彭玉樹、梁奕忠、于卓民、梁晉嘉(2010)。台灣管理學門質性研究之回顧與展望。中山管理評論，18(1)，11-39。
    連結：
  2. 曾真真(2010)。經驗學習，替代性學習對再併購機率的影響：以台灣上市櫃製造業為例。管理學報，27(1)，39-55。
    連結：
  3. 詹定宇、李玉文(2000)。美國速食業領導品牌在台灣經營發展之探討。管理評論，19(2)，57-88。
    連結：
  4. Forsgren, M., & Kinch, N. (1970). Företagets anpassning till förändringar i omgivande system: en studie av massa-och pappersindustrin.
  5. Åkerman, N.(2015).Knowledge-acquisition strategies and the effects on market knowledge-profiling the internationalizing firm.European Management Journal,33(2),79-88.
  6. Anderson, J. C.,Häkansson, H.,Johanson, J.(1994).Dyadic Relationship within a Business Network Context.Journal of Marketing,58(4),1-15.
  7. Anderson, V.,Skinner, D.(1999).Organizational learning in practice: How do small businesses learn to operate internationally?.Human Resource Development International,3,235-258.
  8. Antoncic, B.,Hisrich, RD.,Ruzzier, M.(2006).SME internationalization research: past, present and future.J Small Bus Enterprise,13(4),476-97.
  9. Araujo, L.,Rezende, S.(2003).Path dependence, MNCs and theinternationalization process: A relational approach.International Business Review,12,710-737.
  10. Arenius, P.(2005).The psychic distance postulate revised: From market selection to speed of market penetration.Journal of International Entrepreneurship,3(2),115-131.
  11. Axelsson, B.(Ed.),Easton, G.(Ed.)(1992).Industrial networks: A new view of reality.London:Routledge.
  12. Barkema, H. G.,Bell, J. H. J.,Pennings, J. M.(1996).Foreign entry, cultural barriers and learning.Strategic Management Journal,17,151-166.
  13. Barkema, H. G.,Vermeulen, F.(1998).International expansion through start-up or acquisition: A learning perspective.Academy of Management Journal,41(1),7-26.
  14. Bell, G. G.,Oppenheimer, R. J.,Bastien, A.(2002).Trust deterioration in an international buyer-supplier relationship.Journal of Business Ethics,36(1-2),65-78.
  15. Bell, J.(1995).The internationalization of small computer software firms: A further challenge to stage theories.European Journal of Marketing,29(8),60-75.
  16. Berghman, L.,Matthyssens, P.,Vandenbempt, K.(2006).Value Innovation in Business Markets: Breaking the Industry Recipe.Industrial Marketing Management,35(6),751-761.
  17. Bruneel, J.,Yli-Renko, H.,Clarysse, B.(2010).Learning from experience and learning from others: how congenital and interorganizational learning substitute for experiential learning in young firm internationalization.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,4,164-182.
  18. Buckley, P. J.(1989).Foreign direct investment by small and medium sized enterprises: The theoretical background.Small Business Economics,1(2),89-100.
  19. Camuffo, A.,Furlan, A.,Romano, P.,Vinelli, A.(2006).The process of supply network internationalization.Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management,12,135-147.
  20. Carlson, S.(1975).How foreign is foreign trade? A problem in international business research.
  21. Casillas, J. C.,Moreno, A. M.,Acedo, F. J.,Gallego, M. A.(2009).An integrative model of the role of knowledge in the internationalization process.Journal of World Business,44(3),311-322.
  22. Chetty, S.,Holm, D. B.(2000).Internationalisation of small to medium-sized manufacturing firms: a network approach.International business review,9(1),77-93.
  23. Cook, J.,Wall, T.(1980).New Work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfilment.Journal of Occupational Psychology,53,39-52.
  24. Cooper, D. R.,Schindler, pS(2011).Business Research Methods.
  25. Coviello, N. E.,McAuley, A.(1999).Internationalisation and the smaller firm: A review of contemporary empirical research.MIR: management international review,223-256.
  26. Coviello, N. E.,Munro, H.(1997).Network relationships and the internationalisation process of small software firms.International Business Review,6(4),361-386.
  27. Coviello, N. E.,Munro, H.(1995).Growing the entrepreneurial firm: Networking for international market development.European Journal of Marketing,29(7),49-61.
  28. Deresky, Helen(1994).International Management.New York:Haper Collins College Publisher.
  29. Eisenhardt, K. M.(1989).Building Theories from Case Study Research.Academy of Management Journal,14(4),532-550.
  30. Eriksson, K.,Johanson, J.,Majkgard, A.,Sharma, D. D.(1997).Experiential knowledge and cost in the internationalization process.Journal of International Business Studies,28,337-360.
  31. Fernhaber, S. A.,McDougall-Covin, P. P.,Shepherd, D. A.(2009).International entrepreneurship: Leveraging internal and external knowledge sources.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,3(4),297-320.
  32. Fletcher, R.(2008).The internationalisation from a network perspective: A longitudinal study.Industrial Marketing Management,37,953-964.
  33. Ghauri, P.(Ed.),Hadjikhani, A.(Ed.),Johanson, J.(Ed.)(2005).Managing opportunity development in business networks.Basingstoke:Palgrave.
  34. Gilmore, A.,Carson, D.(1999).Entrepreneurial marketing by networking.New England Journal of Entrepreneurship,2(2),31-38.
  35. Granovetter, M.(1985).Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness.American Journal of Sociology,91(3),481-510.
  36. Granovetter, M.(1992).Problems of explanation in economic sociology.Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action,Boston, MA:
  37. Greve, H. R.(2000).Marketing niche entry decisions: Competition, learning, and strategy in Tokyo banking.Academy of Management Journal,43(5),816-836.
  38. Hilmersson, M.(2012).Experiential knowledge types and profiles of internationalising small and medium-sized enterprises.International Small Business Journal,30(November)
  39. Hilmersson, M.,Jansson, H.(2012).Reducing uncertainty in the emerging market entry process: On the relationship among international experiential knowledge, institutional distance, and uncertainty.Journal of International Marketing,20,96-110.
  40. Hörnell, E.,Vahlne, J. E.,Wiedersheim-Paul, F.(1973).Export och utlandsetableringar.Almqvist & Wiksell.
  41. Hsu, W. T.,Chen, H. L.,Cheng, C. Y.(2013).Internationalization and firm performance of SMEs: The moderating effects of CEO attributes.Journal of World Business,48(1),1-12.
  42. Johanson, J.,Mattsson, L. G.,Hood, N.,Vahlne, J. E.(1988).Internationalization in industrial systems-a network approach.Strategies in Global Competition
  43. Johanson, J.,Vahlne, J.(1977).The Internationalization Process of the Firm: A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments.Journal of International Business Studies,8,23-32.
  44. Johanson, J.,Vahlne, J. E.(2009).The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness toliability of outsidership.Journal of International Business Studies,40,1411-1431.
  45. Johanson, J.,Vahlne, J. E.(1990).The mechanism of internationalization.International Marketing Review,7(4),11-24.
  46. Johanson, J.,Vahlne, J.-E.(2006).Commitment and opportunity development in the internationalization process: A note on the Uppsala internationalization process model.Management International Review,46(2),1-14.
  47. Johanson, J.,Vahlne, J.-E.(2003).Business relationship learning and commitment in the internationalization process.Journal of International Entrepreneurship,1(1),83-101.
  48. Johanson, J.,Weidersheim-Paul, F.(1975).The Internationalization of the Firm: Four Swedish Cases.Journal of Management Studies,12,305-322.
  49. Jones, M. V.(1999).The internationalisation of small high-technology firms.Journal of International Marketing,7(4),15-41.
  50. Kamp, B.(2005).Formation and Evolution of Buyer-Supplier Relationships: Conceiving Dynamism in Actor Composition of Business Networks.Industrial Marketing Management,34(7),658-668.
  51. Kao, J.(1993).The worldwide web of chinese business.Harvard Business Review,71(2),24-36.
  52. Karagozoglu, N.,Lindell, M.(1998).Internationalisation of small and medium-sized technology-based firms: an exploratory study.Journal of Small Business Management,36(1),44-59.
  53. Kirzner, I. M.(1973).Competition and entrepreneurship.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
  54. Kvale, S.,Brinkmann, S.(2009).Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing.Sage.
  55. Madhok, A.(1995).Revisiting multinational firms tolerance for joint ventures: A trust-based approach.Journal of International Business Studies,26(1),345-369.
  56. Mainela, T.,Puhakka, V.,Servais, P.(2014).The concept of international opportunity in international entrepreneurship: a review and a researchagenda.International journal of management reviews,16(1),105-129.
  57. Martin, X.,Mitchell, W.,Swaminathan, A.(1998).Organizational evolution in the interorganizational environment: Incentives and constraints on international expansion strategy.Administrative Science Quarterly,43(3),566-601.
  58. Mayer, R. C.,Davis, J. H.,Schoorman, F. D.(1995).An integrative model of organizational trust.Academy of Management Review,20(3),709-734.
  59. McDougall, P. P.,Oviatt, B.(1994).Toward a theory of international new ventures.Journal of International Business Studies,25(1),45-64.
  60. Millington, A. I.,Bayliss, B. T.(1990).The process of internationalization: UK companies in the EC.Management International Review,30(2),151-161.
  61. Moini, A. H.,Tesar, G.(1998).Longitudinal study of exporters and non-exporters: a focus on smaller manufacturing enterprises.International Business Review,7,291-313.
  62. Morgan, R. M.,Hunt, S. D.(1994).The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing.Journal of Marketing,58(3),20-38.
  63. Muzychenko, O.,Liesch, P. W.(2014).International opportunity identification in the internationalisation of the firm.Journal of World Business
  64. Nahapiet, J.,Ghoshal, S.(1998).Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage.Academy of Management Review,23(2),242-267.
  65. Neuman, W. L.,Neuman, W. L.(2006).Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches.
  66. Osarenkhoe, A.(2008).A study of the enablers of non-sequential internationalization process among small and medium-sized firms.International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management,3(2),1-20.
  67. Park, S. H.,Luo, Y.(2001).Guanxi and organizational dynamics: Organizational networking in Chinese firms.Strategic management journal,22(5),455-477.
  68. Powell, W. W.(1990).Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organization.Research in Organizational Behaviour,12,295-336.
  69. Rempel, J. K.,Holmes, J. G.,Zanna, M. P.(1985).Trust in close relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,49(1),95-112.
  70. Shane, S.(2000).Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities.Organization Science,11(4),448-469.
  71. Sharma, D. D.,Johanson, J.(1987).Technical consultancy in internationalisation.International marketing review,4(4),20-29.
  72. Smallbone, D.,Wyer, P.(2000).Growth and development in the small firm.Enterprise and small business,100-126.
  73. Turnbull, P. W.(Ed.),Valla, J.-P.(Ed.)(1986).Strategies for international industrial marketing.London:Croom Helm.
  74. Weick, K. E.(1995).Sensemaking in organizations.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
  75. Welch, L. S.,Luostarinen, R.(1988).Internationalization:Evolution of a concept.Journal of General Management,17(3),333-334.
  76. Xin, K. R.,Pearce, J. L.(1996).Guanxi: Connections as substitutes for formal institutional support.Academy of Management Journal,39(6),1641-1658.
  77. Yin, R. K.(1984).Case Study Research: Design and Methods.Hurng-Chih Book Co., Ltd..
  78. Zaheer, A.,McEvily, B.,Perrone, V.(1998).Does trust matter? Exploring theeffects of inter-organizational and interpersonal trust on performance.Organization Science,9(2),141-159.
  79. 李蘭甫(1994)。國際企業論。台北:三民書局。
  80. 翁正忞(2013)。企業網路在海外直接投資新興經濟體的策略意涵。修平人文社會學報，20，127-150。
  81. 游鴻裕(2009)。兩岸經貿關係，台商的投資與經營觀點。臺北市:雙業書廊。
  82. 經濟部中小企業處(2014)。中小企業白皮書。
  83. 蕭瑞麟(2007)。不用數字的研究：鍛鍊深度思考力的質性研究。臺北市:培生教育。
print cancel