語意範疇研究中的原型觀點－以德語介係詞über的語意分析為例

Prototypes in Semantic Categorization: Semantic Analysis of the German Spatial Preposition "über" as Example

盧怡君(Angela Yi-Chun Lu)

認知語意學 ； 範疇理論 ； 原型理論 ； 多義詞 ； Cognitive Semantics ； Linguistic Categorization ； Prototype theory ； Polysemy

輔仁外語學報

10期（2013 / 07 / 31）

47 - 69

繁體中文

語意學的範疇理論認為，自然世界的各種現象是透過語言被範疇化的。關於範疇劃分的原則，除了古典範疇理論，在現代認知語言學的研究傳統中、主要是以「原型理論」提出的觀點為基礎。所謂「原型」，指的是在某一範疇中最典型的代表、較同一範疇的其他成員擁有最多的「家族相似性」，而範疇成員之間典型性的不對等模式，就稱為此範疇所表現的原型效應。語言結構同表達具體事物的概念結構一樣，都根植於人類相同的認知機制。不同的是，實物範疇所表現的原型效應經常呈現單一中心的放射狀結構，但語言結構則不然，特別是詞彙中的多義詞，其語意範疇所呈現的，經常是一個由語義鍊串連起來的、非單一中心的意義網絡。本論文從原型理論的觀點出發，將原型理論提出之方法學應用於詞彙語意範疇研究，並以德語空間介系詞über 為例，實際分析該詞彙的語意結構，除了為über 每個不同的實際語用表達找出其涵括的語義特徵，亦即原型理論所謂的家族相似性，歸納über 的語意範疇，同時希望透過此多義詞的語義練結構，窺得人類認知機制的基本模式。

The category theory of semantics proposes that words are not simply names for pre-existing categories of objects, and the extra-linguistic world is not categorized until by language. In the field of modern cognitive linguistics, categorization is established mainly on the basis of prototype theory whereby ”prototype” is considered the typical example of a category and shares the most family (i.e. category) resemblance among all family members. The different typicality revealed by each family member in a certain category is thus called the ”typicality effects” of the category. In the light of the methodology proposed by prototype theory, the present research is dealing with the lexical semantic analysis of polysemy. It has been claimed by several semantic researches that, unlike prototypes for real-object categories in which a radiate model of typicality effects is shown, a great part of the semantic structure of polysemy reveals itself as a network of meanings connected by meaning-chains. To elucidate this hypothesis, the German spatial preposition ”über” is to be analyzed semantically, as to answer the questions of how the different meanings of this ”über-category” are connected together by the so-called ”family resemblance”. By means of analyzing the semantic features of each meaning of ”über” as well as how these features are related to each other, it is expected not only to establish the semantic category of ”über” from the viewpoint of prototype theory, but also to explore the modus of human cognition revealed by the polysemy in general.

1. 盧怡君(2004)。尋找跨文化外語教學的理論模式―從認知觀點探討語言與文化之關係。台德學刊，6，39-60。
   連結：
2. 德語慣用語雙解詞典。北京:外文出版社。
3. Aristotle（1933）Metaphysics. Translated by H. Tredennick. London: Heinemann.
4. 德漢詞典。中央圖書出版社。
5. Sapir, E. “The Status of Linguistics as a Science”. Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Personality. Ed. D.G. Mandelbaum. University of California Press, 1949. 160-166.
6. (1987).Theoretical Prerequisites.Stanford:Standford University Press.
7. Duden, Das Bedeutungswörterbuch.
8. Duden, Das Synomymwörterbuch.
9. Duden, Redewendungen.
10. 新漢德詞典.北京:商務印書館.
11. Allerton, D. J.(1979).Essentials of Grammatical Theory: A Consensus View of Syntax and Morphology.London:Routledge & Kegan Paul.
12. Baily(ed.),Shuy(ed.)(1973).New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English.Washington DC:Georgetown University Press.
13. Berlin, B.,Kay, P.(1991).Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution.Berkeley:University of California Press.
14. Fillmore, C.J.(1982).Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis.Speech, Place, & Action: Studies in Deixis and Related Topics,Chichester:
15. Kay, Paul,McDaniel, C.(1978).The Linguistic Significance of the Meanings of Basic Color Terms.Language,54,610-646.
16. Lakoff, G.(1987).Cognitive models and prototypes.Concepts and Conceptual Development: Ecological and Intellectual Factors in Categorization,Cambrige:
17. Lakoff, G.(1987).Woman, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the World..Chicago:The Univeristy of Chicago Press.
18. Leisi, E.(1985).Praxis der englischen Semantik.Heidelberg:
19. Lipka, L.(1992).An Outline of English Lexicology. Lexical Structure, Word Semantics, and Word-formation.Tübingen:
20. Rosch, E.(1975).Universals and cultural specifics in human categorization.Cross-cultural Perspectives on Learning,New York:
21. Rosch, E.(1975).Cognitive representations of semantic categories.Journal of Experimental Pscycology: General,104,192-233.
22. Rosch, E.(ed.),Lloyd, Barbara B.(ed.)(1978).Cognitive and Categorization.New York:Lawrence Erlbaum.
23. Taylor, J.(2001).Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory.Beijing:Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press=北京外語教學與研究出版社.
24. Ungerer, F.,Schmid, H.-J.(2001).An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.Beijing:Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press=北京外語教學與研究出版社.
25. Warren, Neil(ed.)(1977).Studies in Cross-cultural Psycology.London:Academic Press.
26. Wittgenstein, Ludwig,Anscombe, Elizabeth(Trans.)(2001).Philosophical Investigations.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.
27. 李福印(2006)。語義學概論。北京:北京大學出版社。
28. 李福印(2008)。認知語言學概論。北京:北京大學出版社。
29. 孫亞編(2008)。語用和認知概論。北京:北京大學出版社。
30. 繆雨露(2008)。文化記憶中的詞義原型。北京:外語教學與研究出版社。