張德彞使西「述奇」中記載的維多利亞時代英國演劇：晚清國人西方戲劇接受史考論之一

Victorian Theater in Zhang Deyi Travel Diary: An Investigation of The Late Qing's Reception of Western Theatre

孫柏(Bai Sun)

中西戲劇交流 ； 張德彝 ； 維多利亞時代 ； 劇場史 ； 亨利．歐文 ； 《八十天環遊地球》 ； Chinese Reception of Western Theatre ； Zhang Deyi ； Victorian Stage ； Henry Irving ； Around the World in Eighty Days

戲劇學刊

32期（2020 / 07 / 01）

39 - 65

繁體中文

錢鍾書譏諷晚清使臣觀賞西方戲劇衹知「熱鬧熱鬧眼睛」而毫無「文學」意識，這一議論對於中西戲劇文化交流史的研究產生了廣泛影響，然而實際上卻存在著嚴重的誤導。因為晚清使臣在西方各國觀看的戲劇是十九世紀歐洲的主流劇場藝術，完全不能以易卜生式的戲劇形態為準繩，不能以「文學」的建制性觀念來規範。本文以駐訪歐洲歷時最久的張德彝為例，考察其在日記材料中記載的維多利亞時代英國劇場史的內容，從「劇場」（theatre）而不是文學性的「戲劇」（drama）的角度來重塑中西戲劇文化交流史的這一早期段落。此項研究包含著兩方面的目的：一則希望通過對原始材料的參證、對比，可以對中文讀者復原十九世紀西方演劇的歷史實況；再則試圖表明，晚清使節不但能夠欣賞西方戲劇，而且其接受程度遠超出錢鍾書那段驕矜倨傲的議論所能想像的水準。

Qian Zhongshu used to satirize the ambassadors of the Late Qing dynasty for their theatergoing as only ＂feasting their eyes＂ without any ＂sense of literature, a comment that generates a far-reaching influence on the researches of Chinese reception of Western drama and theatre, albeit seriously misleading. In fact, the dramas these ambassadors saw in the West were the mainstream productions of the nineteenth-century Europe, neither appropriately comparable to Ibsenian plays, nor exclusively calibrated by established idea of ＂literature＂. Looking at the travel diary of Zhang Deyi, reputed with the longest ambassadorship in Europe, this paper aims to investigate the history of the English theater in the Victorian era recorded in his diary and reshape this initial phase of the history of the cultural exchange between China and the West from the perspective of ＂theatre＂ rather than the literature-oriented ＂drama＂. The goal of this research is twofold: with reference to the original materials, both Chinese and English, this research expects to restore to Chinese readers the general picture of performances and productions of the Victorian theatre. In addition, the high level of the Late Qing ambassadors' reception of Western theatre is virtually inconceivable to Qian Zhongshu's proud comment.

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