急性有氧健身運動對執行功能影響之探討－以施測時間點與神經心理測驗的視角

Examining the Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function: Assessing Time Points and Neuropsychological Perspectives

10.6497/BSEPT.20110501_(18).0001

張育愷(Yu-Kai Chang)；陳豐慈(Feng-Tzu Chen)

健身運動 ； 認知功能 ； 認知表現 ； 神經心理測驗 ； 健身運動心理學 ； exercise ； cognitive function ； cognitive performance ； neuropsychological assessment ； exercise psychology

臺灣運動心理學報

18期（2011 / 05 / 01）

1 - 16

繁體中文

規律性健身運動不但可以增進身體健康與減少疾病的發生率，並且對如認知等心理健康方面亦有正面影響。然而相對於慢性健身運動，研究顯示急性健身運動在認知表現的效果較小，歸咎其因可能為過去研究在實驗設計的差異所致。為進一步釐清該些在設計上的限制，本回顧研究欲聚焦於有氧健身運動、執行功能及認知作業的施測時間點等三個主題。具體而言，本文著重於執行功能的定義、執行功能的測量、急性有氧健身運動對執行功能在不同施測時間點之研究，以及對後續研究方向與建議等部分作陳述，期望提供未來研究者在此議題上的研究參考。綜合上述，本研究回顧發現，急性健身運動對認知功能有其正面效益，而研究已提出暫時性次額葉假說與覺醒假說此兩觀點來闡述該關係的理論基礎，然而在執行功能效益的結果上仍呈分歧；此外當以施測時間點而言，目前以神經心理測驗為主軸的延續效應仍有爭議，因此後續研究對於這些議題的探究應作進一步的釐清。

Regular exercise not only improves physical health and reduces the incidence rate of diseases, but also brings positive benefits to mental health, such as improved cognition. However, as opposed to chronic exercise, research has found that acute exercise has a lower positive magnitude of results on cognition, which might be due to a variety of experimental designs. In order to distinguish the limitation effects of designs, the purpose of this manuscript will focus on aerobic exercise, executive function, and assessing time points of cognition procedure. Specifically, this review of research focuses on the definition of executive function, the measurement of executive function, and the effect of acute aerobic exercise on executive function while assessing different points in time. In summary, the review indicates that acute aerobic exercise has positive benefits on cognitive performance. In addition, both the transient hypofrontality hypothesis and the arousal hypothesis have been proposed as the foundational theories underlying the relationships. However, there is still not consensus on the benefits to executive function; furthermore, regarding assessing the time points, controversial results still exist. These issues should be examined as future research proceeds.

1. Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482
2. Alvarez, J. A.,Emory, E.(2006).Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review.Neuropsychology Review,16(1),17-42.
3. Angevaren, M.,Aufdemkampe, G.,Verhaar, H. J.,Aleman, A.,Vanhees, L.(2008).Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,3
4. Arcelin, R.,Delignieres, D.,Brisswalter, J.(1998).Selective effects of physical exercise on choice reaction processes.Perceptual and Motor Skills,87,175-185.
5. Audiffren, M.,Tomporowski, P.,Zagrodnik, J.(2009).Acute aerobic exercise and information processing: Modulation of executive control in a random number generation task.Acta Psychologica,132,85-95.
6. Barella, L. A.,Etnier, J. L.,Chang, Y. K.(2010).Immediate and delayed cognitive responses to moderate intensity exercise in older adults.Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,18,87-98.
7. Bell, M. A.,Deater-Deckard, K.(2007).Biological systems and the development of self-regulation: Integrating behavior, genetics, and psychophysiology.Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,28,409-420.
8. Brisswalter, J.,Collardeau, M.,Rene, A.(2002).Effects of acute physical exercise characteristics on cognitive performance.Sports Medicine,32,555-566.
9. Broadbent, D. A.(1958).Perception and communication.New York:Pergamon.
10. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.(2009).Effects of an acute bout of localized resistance exercise on cognitive performance in middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial study.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,10,19-24.
11. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.(2009).Exploring the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive function.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,31,640-656.
12. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.,Barella, L. A.(2009).Exploring the relationship between exercise-induced arousal and cognition using fractionated response time.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,80,78-86.
13. Chodzko-Zajko, W. J.(1991).Physical fitness, cognitive performance, and aging.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,23,868-872.
14. Colcombe, S. J.,Kramer, A. F.(2003).Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study.Psychological Science,14,125-130.
15. Coles, K.,Tomporowski, P. D.(2008).Effects of acute exercise on executive processing, short-term and long-term memory.Journal of Sports Sciences,26,333-344.
16. Cordova, C.,Silva, V. C.,Moraes, C. F.,Simoes, H. G.,Nobrega, O. T.(2009).Acute exercise performed close to the anaerobic threshold improves cognitive performance in elderly females.Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research,42,458-464.
17. Del Giorno, J. M.,Hall, E. E.,O''Leary, K. C.,Bixby, W. R.,Miller, P. C.(2010).Cognitive function during acute exercise: A test of the transient hypofrontality theory.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,32,312-323.
18. Dietrich, A.(2006).Transient hypofrontality as a mechanism for the psychological effects of exercise.Psychiatry Research,145,79-83.
19. Dietrich, A.(2003).Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis.Consciousness and Cognition,12,231-256.
20. Dietrich, A.,Sparling, P. B.(2004).Endurance exercise selectively impairs prefrontal-dependent cognition.Brain and Cognition,55,516-524.
21. Etnier, J. L.,Chang, Y. K.(2009).The effect of physical activity on executive function: A brief commentary on definitions, measurement issues, and the current state of the literature.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,31,469-483.
22. Etnier, J. L.,Nowell, P. M.,Landers, D. M.,Sibley, B. A.(2006).A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance.Brain Research Reviews,52,119-230.
23. Etnier, J. L.,Salazar, W.,Landers, D. M.,Petruzzello, S. J.,Han, M.,Nowell, P.(1997).The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,19,249-277.
24. Gilbert, S. J.,Burgess, P. W.(2008).Executive function.Currents in Modern Biology,18,110-114.
25. Heyn, P.,Abreu, B. C.,Ottenbacher, K. J.(2004).The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: A meta-analysis.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,85,1694-1704.
26. Hogervorst, E.,Riedel, W.,Jeukendrup, A.,Jolles, J.(1996).Cognitive performance after strenuous physical exercise.Perceptual and Motor Skills,83,479-488.
27. Jurado, M. B.,Rosselli, M.(2007).The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding.Neuropsychology Review,17,213-233.
28. Kesaniemi, Y. A.,Danforth, E.,Jensen, M. D.,Korpelman, P. G.,Lefebvre, P.,Reeder, B. A.(2001).Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: An evidence-based symposium.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,33(suppl. 6),351-358.
29. Kramer, A. F.,Hahn, S.,Cohen, N. J.,Banich, M. T.,McAuley, E.,Harrison, C. R.,Colcombe, A.(1999).Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function.Nature,400,418-419.
30. Kramer, A. F.,Humphrey, D. G.,Larish, J. F.,Logan, G. D.,Strayer, D. L.(1994).Aging and inhibition: Beyond a unitary views of inhibitory processing in attention.Psychology and Aging,9,491-512.
31. Lambourne, K.,Audiffren, M.,Tomporowski, P. D.(2010).Effects of acute exercise on sensory and executive processing tasks.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,42,1396-1402.
32. Lambourne, K.,Tomporowski, P.(2010).The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: A meta-regression analysis.Brain Research,1341,12-24.
33. Lezak, M. D.,Howieson, D. B.,Loring, D. W.,Hannay, H. J.,Fischer, J. S.(2004).Neuropsychological assessment.New York:Oxford University Press.
34. Lichtman, S.,Poser, E. G.(1983).The effects of exercise on mood and cognitive functioning.Journal of Psychosomatic Research,27,43-52.
35. Lox, C. L.,Martin Ginis, K. A.,Petruzzello, S. J.(2010).The psychology of exercise: Integrating theory and practice.Scottsdale, AZ:Holcomb Hathaway.
36. McMorris, T.,Graydon, J.(2000).The effect of incremental exercise on cognitive performance.International Journal of Sport Psychology,31,66-81.
37. Miyake, A.,Friedman, N. P.,Emerson, M. J.,Witzki, A. H.,Howerter, A.,Wager, T. D.(2000).The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis.Cognitive Psychology,41,49-100.
38. Netz, Y.,Tomer, R.,Axelrad, S.,Argov, E.,Inbar, O.(2007).The effect of a single aerobic training session on cognitive flexibility in late middle-aged adults.International Journal of Sports Medicine,28,82-87.
39. Pontifex, M. B.,Hillman, C. H.,Fernhall, B.,Thompson, K. M.,Valentini, T. A.(2009).The Effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,41,927-934.
40. Rabbitt, P.(Ed.)(1997).Methodology of frontal and executive function.Hove:Psychology Press.
41. Rabin, L. A.,Barr, W. B.,Burton, L. A.(2005).Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United Stated and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA Division 40 members.Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,20,33-65.
42. Rogers, R.,Monsell, S.(1995).Costs of a predictible switch between simple cognitive tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,124,207-231.
43. Shallice, T.(1990).From neuropsychology to mental structure.New York:Cambridge University.
44. Sibley, B. A.,Etnier, J. L.(2003).The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: A meta-analysis.Pediatric Exercise Science,15,243-256.
45. Sibley, B. A.,Etnier, J. L.,Le Masurier, G. C.(2006).Effects of an acute bout of exercise on cognitive aspects of stroop performance.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,28,285-299.
46. Spielberger, C. D.(Ed.)(1966).Anxiety and behavior.New York:Academic Press.
47. Tomporowski, P. D.(2003).Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition.Acta Psychologica,112,297-324.
48. Tomporowski, P. D.,Davis, C. L.,Lambourne, K.,Gregoski, M.,Tkacz, J.(2008).Task switching in overweight children: Effects of acute exercise and age.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,30,497-511.

1. 陳豐慈、張育愷、祝堅恆、王俊智(2013)。急性有氧健身運動對計畫相關執行功能之影響。體育學報，46(1)，45-54。
2. 潘正宸,陳怡婷,陳志軒,何永彬(2021)。急性有氧運動介入對國中學習障礙學生工作記憶與識字學習成效之研究。身心障礙研究季刊，19(3&4)，182-198。
3. 齊璘、陳豐慈、張育愷(2018)。健身運動對倫敦塔作業之影響：文獻回顧與未來展望。中華體育季刊，32(1)，63-73。
4. 齊璘、陳豐慈、張育愷、王俊智(2012)。急性健身運動時對威斯康辛卡片分類測驗之影響。大專體育學刊，14(3)，349-358。
5. 齊璘、陳豐慈、張育愷、王俊智(2013)。急性健身運動對計畫相關執行功能在立即與延續時間之影響：前導研究。大專體育學刊，15(1)，29-39。
6. 齊璘、陳豐慈、張育愷、祝堅恆(2014)。男大專生身體適能與認知功能之關聯。大專體育學刊，16(3)，311-320。
7. 闕廷宇、謝潄石、黃崇儒、洪聰敏(2016)。健身運動與工作記憶之文獻回顧：以研究方式及年齡層觀點探討。臺灣運動心理學報，16(1)，119-149。
8. 闕廷宇、謝漱石、洪聰敏(2017)。急性阻力運動與認知功能：文獻回顧。臺灣運動心理學報，17(1)，111-129。
9. 蘇憶梅、黃美瑤(2019)。一次性中高強度有氧適能訓練對注意力之影響。文化體育學刊 ，28，23-37。
10. 楊高騰,粘瑞狄,陳豐慈,張育愷,吳治翰(2020)。急性健身運動與認知功能：國際歷史與臺灣研究發展。中華心理學刊，62(2)，195-216。
11. 詹美玲、詹元碩、陳玟潔、孟範武、呂莉婷(2013)。探討健身運動對 ADHD 兒童認知功能之效益。中原體育學報，2，50-57。
12. 張育愷、祝堅恆、林季燕、吳建霆、王俊智(2014)。急性有氧健身運動對威斯康辛卡片分類測驗表現之前導研究。臺灣運動心理學報，14(2)，15-31。