题名

運動意象之應用模式與研究取向探討

并列篇名

Applied Models and Research Orientation in Sport Imagery

DOI

10.6497/BSEPT.20111101_(19).0004

作者

林啟賢(Chi-Hsian Lin)

关键词

運動意象介入 ； 運動意象使用模式 ； PETTLEP模式 ； 意象研究方法 ； imagery interventions in sport ； an model of imagery use in sport ； PETTLEP model ； methodology of imagery

期刊名称

臺灣運動心理學報

卷期/出版年月

19期（2011 / 11 / 01）

页次

69 - 97

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

意象是運動心理技能訓練中重要的方法之一，其在促進技能學習及增進表現效益已得到眾多研究的支持。本文整理意象相關研究文獻，並介紹廣為運動意象使用的，運動意象使用的應用模式、PETTLEP模式及其相關研究成果。文中詳論二個模式所包含的各要點，並且指出由眾多研究成果所指出的尚待釐清議題。而為了使未來研究，在方法及方向能更嚴謹及進一步有所貢獻。本文亦探討意象研究方法上應注意的要項及未來研究方向。而由探討得知，二個模式的預測，仍須後續研究進一步加以證實；而兩個模式亦需探討於不同族群的使用效果（如臨床復健使用及一般健身活動）。而為了讓二個模式對於未來意象研究及在實務介入的效果能進一步釐清，使用神經科學的儀器輔助測量，將有助於將此領域帶入更客觀化的測量標準。
英文摘要

Imagery is among the most crucial methods used in psychological skill training for sport. The effect of imagery on facilitating skills training and performance improvement has received support from numerous studies. This article compiles imagery-related references, introduces an applied model of imagery used in sport and the PETTLEP model, and presents the results of corresponding studies. This article details each key point of these two models, highlighting issues that require clarification through numerous studies. To contribute further and provide more scrupulous methods and future study directions, this article discusses issues that should be noted in study methods regarding imagery and future study directions. From this discussion, this study infers that further studies are required to verify the predictions of the imagery use model and the PETTLEP model, and that the effects of these two models on different populations (such as in-patients undergoing clinical rehabilitation or the public engaging in exercise) also require investigation. To further clarify the effect of these two models on future imagery studies and in practical interventions, the use of a neuroscience device for assisted measurements is beneficial to enable more objective measurement standards in this field.
主题分类 社會科學 > 心理學
社會科學 > 體育學
参考文献
  1. 宋敦仁、黃崇儒(2009)。意象訓練在復健運動上的應用。中華體育季刊，23(4)，96-106。
    連結：
  2. 張育愷、郭慈慧(2010)。運動意象理論之進程：功能性等同假說。中華體育季刊，24(4)，82-92。
    連結：
  3. Abma, C. L.,Fry, M. D.,Li, Y.,Relyea, G.(2002).Differences in imagery content and imagery ability between high and low confident track and field athletes.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,14,67-75.
  4. Ahsen, A.(1984).ISM: The triple code model for imagery and psychophysiology.Journal of Mental Imagery,8,15-42.
  5. Annett, J.(Ed.),Cripps, B.(Ed.),Steinberg, H.(Ed.)(1995).Exercise addiction: Motivation for participation in sport and exercise.Leicester, England:British Psychological Society.
  6. Beisteiner, R.,Höllinger. P.,Lindinger, G.,Lang, W.,Berthoz, A.(1995).Mental representations of movements. Brain potentials associated with imagination of hand movements.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,96,183-193.
  7. Bernier, M.,Fournier, J. F.(2010).Functions of mental imagery in expert golfers.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,11,444-452.
  8. Blair, A.,Hall, C.,Leyshon, G.(1993).Imagery effects on the performance of skilled and novice soccer players.Journal of sport sciences,11,95-101.
  9. Callow, N.,Hardy, L.(2001).Type of imagery associated with sport confidence in netball players of varying skill levels.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,13,1-17.
  10. Callow, N.,Hardy, L.,Hall, C.(2001).The effects of a motivational general-mastery imagery intervention on the sport confidence of high-level badminton players.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,72,389-400.
  11. Callow, N.,Waters, A.(2005).The effect of kinaesthetic imagery on the sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,6,443-459.
  12. Calmels, C.,Berthoumieux, C.,d''Aripe-Longueville, F.(2004).Effects of an imagery-training programme on selective attention of national softball players.The Sport Psychologist,18,272-296.
  13. Calmels, C.,Holmes, P.,Berthoumieux, C.,Singer, R. N.(2004).The development of movement imagery vividness through a structured intervention in softball.Journal of Sport Behavior,27,307-322.
  14. Cockerill, I.(Ed.)(2002).Solution in sport psychology.London:Thomson.
  15. Cramer, S. C.,Orr, E. L. R.,Cohen, M. J.,Lacourse, M. G.(2007).Effects of motor imagery after chronic, complete spinal cord injury.Experimental Brain Research,177,233-242.
  16. Cremades, J. G.,Hilliard, T. M.,Gapin, J. I.(2010).The effect of physical practice on a novel mental imagery task as measured by electroencephalography (EEG).Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,5(1),Article 7.
  17. Cui, X.,Jeter, C. B.,Yang, D.,Montague, P. R.,Eagleman, D. M.(2007).Vividness of mental imagery: Individual variability can be measured objectively.Vision Research,47,474-478.
  18. Cumming, J.(2008).Investigating the relationship between exercise imagery, leisure-time exercise behavior, and self-efficacy.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,20,184-198.
  19. Cumming, J.,Hall, C.(2002).Athletes' use of imagery in the off-season.The Sport Psychologist,16,160-172.
  20. Cumming, J.,Hall, C.(2002).Deliberate imagery practice: The development of imagery skills in competitive athletes.Journal of Sports Sciences,20,137-145.
  21. Cumming, J.,Olphin, T.,Law, M.(2007).Self-reported psychological states and physiological responses to different types of motivational general imagery.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,29,629-644.
  22. Driediger, M.,Hall, C.,Callow, N.(2006).Imagery use by injured athletes: A qualitative analysis.Journal of Sports Sciences,24,261-271.
  23. Driskell, J. E.,Cooper, C.,Moran, A.(1994).Does mental practice enhance performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,79,481-491.
  24. Duda, J. L.(Ed.)(1998).Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement.Morgantown, WV:Fitness Information Technology.
  25. Ehrsson, H.,Geyer, S.,Naito, E.(2003).Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations.Journal of Neurophysiology,90,3304-3316.
  26. Etnier, J. L.,Landers, D. M.(1996).The influence of procedural variables on the efficacy of mental practice.The Sport Psychologist,10,48-57.
  27. Evans, L.,Jones, L.,Mullen, R.(2004).An imagery intervention during the competitive season with an elite rugby union player.The Sport Psychologist,18,252-271.
  28. Feltz, D. L.,Landers, D. M.(1983).The effect of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance: A meta-analysis.Journal of Sport Psychology,5,25-57.
  29. Fournier, J. F.,Deremaux, S.,Bernier, M.(2008).Content, characteristics and function of mental images.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,9,734-748.
  30. Goginsky, A. M.,Collins, D.(1996).Research design and mental practice.Journal of Sports Sciences,14,381-392.
  31. Gregg, M.,Hall, C.(2006).Measurement of motivational imagery abilities in sport.Journal of Sports Sciences,24,961-971.
  32. Gregg, M.,Hall, C.,Nederhof, E.(2005).The imagery ability, imagery use, and performance relationship.The Sport Psychologist,19,93-99.
  33. Guillot, A.,Collet, C.(2005).Contribution from neurophysiological and psychological methods to the study of motor imagery.Brain Research Review,50,387-397.
  34. Guillot, A.,Tolleron, C.,Collet, C.(2010).Does motor imagery enhance stretching and flexibility.Journal of Sports Sciences,28,291-298.
  35. Hackfort, D.(Ed.),Duda, J. L.(Ed.),Lidor, R.(Ed.)(2005).Handbook of research in applied sport and exercise psychology: International perspective.Morgantown, WV:Fitness Information Technology.
  36. Hall, C. R.(1997).Lew Hardy's third myth: A matter of perspective.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,9,310-313.
  37. Hall, C. R.,Mack, D. E.,Paivio, A.,Hausenblas, H. A.(1998).Imagery use by athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire.International Journal of Sport Psychology,29,73-89.
  38. Hall, C. R.,Martin, K. A.(1997).Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire.Journal of Mental Imagery,21,143-154.
  39. Hall, C. R.,Stevens, D.,Paivio, A.(2005).The sport imagery questionnaire: Test manual.Morgantown, WV:Fitness Information Technology.
  40. Hall, N. D.,Fishburne, G. J.(2010).Mental imagery research in physical education.Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,5(1),Article 3.
  41. Hardy, L.,Callow, N.(1999).Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which forms is important.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,21,95-112.
  42. Hare, R.,Evans, L.,Callow, N.(2008).Imagery use during rehabilitation from injury: A case study of an elite athlete.The Sport Psychologist,22,405-422.
  43. Hinshaw, K. E.(1991).The effects of mental practice on motor skill performance: Critical evaluation and meta-analysis.Imagination, Cognition, and Personality,11,3-35.
  44. Holmes, P. S.,Collins, D. J.(2001).The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,13,60-83.
  45. Holmes, P.,Calmels, C.(2008).A neuroscientific review of imagery and observation use in sport.Journal of Motor Behavior,40,433-445.
  46. Horn, T. S.(Ed.)(2008).Advances in sport psychology.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
  47. Isaac, A.,Marks, D.,Russel, E.(1986).An instrument for assessing imagery of movement: The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ).Journal of Mental Imagery,10,23-30.
  48. Izard, C.(Ed.),Kagan, J.(Ed.),Zajonc, R.(Ed.)(1985).Emotion, cognitions, and behavior.New York:Cambridge University Press.
  49. Jordet, G.(2005).Perceptual training in soccer: An imagery intervention study with elite players.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,17,140-156.
  50. Kinugasa, T.,Cerin, E.,Hooper, S.(2004).Single-subject research designs and data analyses for assessing elite athletes' conditioning.Sports Medicine,34,1035-1050.
  51. Lang, P. J.(1977).Imagery in therapy: An informational processing analysis of fear.Behavior Therapy,8,862-886.
  52. Lang, P. J.(1979).A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery.Psychophysiology,16,495-512.
  53. Marks, D. F.(1973).Visual imagery differences in recall of pictures.British Journal of Psychology,64,17-24.
  54. Martin, K. A.,Moritz, S. E.,Hall, C.R.(1999).Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model.The Sport Psychologist,13,245-268.
  55. Mellalieu, S. D.(Ed.),Hanton, S.(Ed.)(2009).Advances in applied sport psychology.New York:Routledge.
  56. Mellalieu, S. D.,Hanton, S.,Thomas, O.(2009).The effects of a motivational general-arousal imagery intervention upon preperformance symptoms in male rugby union players..Psychology of Sport and Exercise,10,175-185.
  57. Mills, K. D.,Munroe, K. J.,Hall, C. R.(2000).The relationship between imagery and self-efficacy in competitive athletes.Imagination, Cognition and Personality,20,33-39.
  58. Monsma, E. V.,Overby, L. Y.(2004).The relationship between imagery and competitive anxiety in ballet auditions.Journal of Dance Medicine and Science,8,11-18.
  59. Moran, A. P.(2004).Sport and exercise psychology: A critical introduction.London:Routledge.
  60. Moritz, S. E.,Hall, C.R.,Martin, K. A.,Vadocz, E.(1996).What are confident athletes imaging? An examination of image content.The Sport Psychologist,10,171-179.
  61. Morris, T.,Spittle, M.,Watt, A. P.(2005).Imagery in sport.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
  62. Munroe-Chandler, K. J.,Hall, C. R.(2004).Enhancing the collective efficacy of a soccer team through motivational general-mastery imagery.Imagination, Cognition, and Personality,21,51-67.
  63. Munroe-Chandler, K. J.,Hall, C. R.,Fishburne, G. J.,Shannon, V.(2005).Using cognitive general imagery to improve soccer strategies.European Journal of Sport Science,5,41-49.
  64. Nicholls, A. R.,Polman, R. C. J.,Holt, N. L.(2005).The effect of individualized imagery interventions on golf performance and flow states.Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology,7(1)
  65. Nordin, S. M.,Cumming, J.(2008).Types and function of athletes' imagery: Testing prediction from applied model of imagery use by examining effectiveness.International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,6,189-206.
  66. Nordin, S. M.,Cumming, J.(2005).Professional dancers describe their imagery: Where, when, what, why, and how.The Sport Psychologist,19,295-416.
  67. Nordin, S. M.,Cumming, J.(2005).More than meets the eye: Investigating imagery type, direction, and outcome.The Sport Psychologist,19,1-17.
  68. Orlick, T.,Partington, J.(1988).Mental links to excellence.The Sport Psychologist,2,105-130.
  69. Paivio, A.(1985).Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance.Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences,10(4),22-28.
  70. Ramsey, R.,Cumming, J.,Edwards, M. G.,Williams, S.,Brunning, C.(2010).Examining the emotion aspect of PETTLEP-based imagery with penalty taking in soccer.Journal of Sport Behavior,33,295-314.
  71. Razon, S.,Basevitch, I.,Filho, E.,Land, W.,Thompson, B.,Biermann, M.(2010).Associative and dissociative imagery effects on perceived exertion and task duration.Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,5(1),Article 5.
  72. Richardson, A.(1969).Mental imagery.New York:Springer.
  73. Roberts, R.,Callow, N.,Hardy, Markland.,Bringer, J.(2008).Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,30,200-221.
  74. Robin, N.,Dominique, L.,Toussain, L.,Blandin, Y.,Guillot, A.,Her, M. L.(2007).Effects of motor imagery training on service return accuracy in tennis: The role of imagery ability.International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,5,175-186.
  75. Rodgers, W.,Hall, C.,Buckolz, E.(1991).The effect of an imagery training program on imagery ability, imagery use, and figure skating performance.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,6,116-133.
  76. Shambrook, C.,Bull, S.(1996).The use of single-case research design to investigate the efficacy of imagery training.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,8,27-43.
  77. Shearer, D. A.,Golby, J.(2006).Effect of a psychological skills training programme on swimming performance and positive psychological development.International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,4,149-169.
  78. Shearer, D. A.,Thomson, R.,Mellalieu, S. D.,Shearer, C. R.(2007).The relationship between imagery type and collective efficacy in elite and non-elite athletes.Journal of Sports and Medicine,6,180-187.
  79. Short, S. E.,Bruggeman, J. M.,Engel, S. M.,Marback, T. L.,Wang, L. J.,Willadsen, A.(2002).The effect of imagery function and imagery direction on self-efficacy and performance on a golf-putting task.The Sport Psychologist,16,48-67.
  80. Short, S. E.,Hall, C. R.,Engel, S. R.,Nigg, C. R.(2004).Exercise imagery and the stages of change.Journal of Mental Imagery,28,61-78.
  81. Short, S. E.,Ross-Stewart, L.,Monsma, E. V.(2006).Onwards with the evolution of imagery research in sport psychology.Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology,8(3)
  82. Short, S. E.,Short, M. W.(2005).Differences between high- and low-confident football players on imagery functions: A consideration of the athletes' perceptions.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,17,197-208.
  83. Singer, R. N.(Ed.),Hausenblas, H. A.(Ed.),Janelle, C. M.(Ed.)(2001).Handbook of sport psychology.New York:John Wiley & Sons.
  84. Smith, D.,Collins, D.(2004).Mental practice, motor performance and the late CNV.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,26,412-426.
  85. Smith, D.,Collins, D.,Hale, B.(1998).Imagery perspectives and karate performance.Journal of Sports Sciences,16,103-104.
  86. Smith, D.,Holmes, P.(2004).The effect of imagery modality on golf putting performance.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,26,385-395.
  87. Smith, D.,Wright, C.,Allsopp, A.,Westhead, H.(2007).It's all in mind: PETTLEP-based imagery and sports performance.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,19,80-92.
  88. Smith, D.,Wright, C.,Cantwell, C.(2008).Beating the bunker: the effect of PETTLEP imagery on golf bunker shot performance.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,79,385-391.
  89. Vadocz, E.,Hall, C. R.,Moritz, S. E.(1997).The relationship between competitive anxiety and imagery use.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,9,241-253.
  90. Vergeer, I.(2006).Exploring the mental representation of athletic injury: A longitudinal case study.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,7,99-114.
  91. Vogt, S.(1995).On relations between perceiving, imagining and performing in the learning of cyclical movement sequences.British Journal of psychology,86,191-216.
  92. Wakefield, C. J.,Smith, D.(2009).Impact of differing frequencies of PETTLEP imagery on netball shooting performance.Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity,4(1),Article 7.
  93. Watt, A. P.,Morris, T.,Andersen, M. B.(2004).Issues in the development of a measure of imagery ability in sport.Journal of Mental Imagery,28,149-180.
  94. Wei, G.,Luo, J.(2010).Sport expert's motor imagery: Functional imaging of professional motor skills and simple motor skill.Brain Research,1341,52-62.
  95. Weinberg, R.,Gould, D.(2009).Foundations of sport and exercise psychology.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
  96. Williams, J. M.(Ed.)(2010).Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance.Singapore:McGraw-Hill.
  97. Williams, S. E.,Cumming, J.(2011).Measuring athlete imagery ability: The Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,33,416-440.
  98. Wright, C.,Smith, D.(2009).The effect of PETTLEP imagery on strength performance.International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,7,18-31.
  99. 杜正治(2006)。單一受試研究法。臺北市:心理。
  100. 林啟賢(1998)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺北市，國立台灣師範大學。
  101. 林啟賢(2005)。博士論文(博士論文)。臺北市，國立台灣師範大學。
被引用次数
  1. 陳若芸(2019)。PETTLEP意象結合行動觀察對提升國中射箭運動員意象能力與運動表現之效果。臺灣師範大學體育學系學位論文。2019。1-128。 
print cancel