急性有氧健身運動對威斯康辛卡片分類測驗表現之前導研究

A Preliminary Study of Acute Exercise Effect on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

10.6497/BSEPT2014.1402.02

王俊智(Chun-Chih Wang)；祝堅恆(Chien-Heng Chu)；吳建霆(Chien-Ting Wu)；林季燕(Chi-Yen Lin)；張育愷(Yu-Kai Chang)

急性健身運動 ； 認知功能 ； 執行功能 ； 神經心理測驗 ； acute exercise ； cognitive function ； executive function ； neuropsychological assessment

臺灣運動心理學報

14卷2期（2014 / 11 / 01）

15 - 31

繁體中文

目的：探討急性有氧健身運動對威斯康辛卡片分類測驗表現之影響。方法：20位大學年齡之參與者隨機分派至健身運動組或控制組。健身運動組介入30分鐘、中等強度之有氧健身運動，而控制組則以相同的時間作閱讀介入。參與者並於介入前、後完成威斯康辛卡片分類測驗之檢測。結果：雖然健身運動已達設定之強度，然而急性有氧健身運動未對威斯康辛卡片分類測驗表現之各指標產生顯著的影響。結論：急性健身有氧運動可能對於威斯康辛卡片分類測驗表現相關之工作記憶力、問題解決，及注意力等影響較為有限，其潛在原因可能為認知作業類型、工作記憶的初始能力、參與者體適能、前額葉資源分配，以及文化異同等因素，而導致認知功能未能明顯改變。有鑑於僅少數研究聚焦急性健身運動對特定執行功能的影響，未來仍需更多的證據來釐清。

Purpose: To investigate the effect of acute aerobic exercise on the performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Methods: Twenty college-aged students were recruited, and randomly assigned into either exercise or resting group. During the 30 minutes intervention, participants in the exercise group were instructed to conduct aerobic exercises with moderate intensity, while participants in the control group were in a reading situation. All participants completed the WCST before and immediately after the intervention session. Results: Although exercise intensity was manipulated appropriately, acute aerobic exercise did not impact WCST performances. Conclusion: Acute aerobic exercise might have limited influence on WCST involves working memory, problem-solving, and attention. Potential explanations might be attributed to the types of cognitive tasks employed, initial ability of working memory and physical fitness of the participants, distribution of cognitive resources of the prefrontal cortex, and culture variations. Regarding the fact that few studies have focused on the effects of acute exercise on specific executive functions, further studies are required to clarify the association or causation between acute exercise and executive function.

1. 張育愷、吳聰義(2011)。急性健身運動對認知功能的影響：事件相關電位的文獻回顧。體育學報，44，1-28。
   連結：
2. 張育愷、陳豐慈(2011)。急性有氧健身運動對執行功能影響之探討：以施測時間點與神經心理測驗的視角。臺灣運動心理學報，18，1-16。
   連結：
3. 陳豐慈、王俊智、祝堅恆、張育愷(2013)。急性健身運動對計畫相關執行功能之影響。體育學報，46，45-54。
   連結：
4. 陳豐慈、王俊智、齊璘、張育愷(2013)。急性健身運動對計畫執行相關功能在立即與延續時間之影響：前導研究。大專體育學刊，15，29-39。
   連結：
5. 陳豐慈、張育愷(2012)。阻力健身運動對老人認知功能影響之回顧。臺灣運動心理學報，12，37-56。
   連結：
6. 齊璘、陳豐慈、祝堅恆、王俊智、張育愷(2014)。大專學生體適能與認知功能之相關研究。大專體育學刊，16，311-320。
   連結：
7. American College of Sports Medicine(2010).ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription.New York:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
8. Asari, T.,Konishi, S.,Jimura, K.,Miyashita, Y.(2005).Multiple components of lateral posterior parietal activation associated with cognitive set shifting.Neuroimage,26,694-702.
9. Asztalos, M.,De Bourdeaudhuij, I.,Cardon, G.(2009).The relationship between physical activity and mental health varies across activity intensity levels and dimensions of mental health among women and men.Public Health Nutrition,13,1-8.
10. Audiffren, M.,Tomporowski, P. D.,Zagrodnik, J.(2009).Acute aerobic exercise and information processing: Modulation of executive control in a Random Number Generation task.Acta Psychologica,132,85-95.
11. Boecker, H.(Ed.),Hillman, C. H.(Ed.),Scheef, L.(Ed.),Strüder, H. K.(Ed.)(2012).Functional neuroimaging in exercise and sport sciences.New York:Springer.
12. Borg, G.(1998).Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
13. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.(2009).Effects of an acute bout of localized resistance exercise on cognitive performance in middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial study.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,10,19-24.
14. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.(2009).Exploring the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive function.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,31,640-656.
15. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.,Barella, L. A.(2009).Exploring the relationship between exercise-induced arousal and cognition using fractionated response time.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,80,78-86.
16. Chang, Y. K.,Nien, Y. H.,Tsai, C. L.,Etnier, J. L.(2010).Physical activity and cognition in older adults: The potential of Tai Chi Chuan.Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,18,451-472.
17. Coles, K.,Tomporowski, P. D.(2008).Effects of acute exercise on executive processing, short-term and long-term memory.Journal of Sports Sciences,26,333-344.
18. Covassin, T.,Weiss, L.,Powell, J.,Womack, C.(2007).Effects of a maximal exercise test on neurocognitive function.British Journal of Sports Medicine,41,370-374.
19. Crone, E. A.,Zanolie, K.,Van Leijenhorst, L.,Westenberg, P. M.,Rombouts, S. A.(2008).Neural mechanisms supporting flexible performance adjustment during development.Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience,8,165-177.
20. Dietrich, A.,Sparling, P. B.(2004).Endurance exercise selectively impairs prefrontal-dependent cognition.Brain and Cognition,55,516-524.
21. Etnier, J. L.,Chang, Y. K.(2009).The effect of physical activity on executive function: A brief commentary on definitions, measurement issues, and the current state of the literature.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,31,469-483.
22. Etnier, J. L.,Salazar, W.,Landers, D. M.,Petruzzello, S. J.,Han, M.,Nowell, P.(1997).The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,19,249-277.
23. Greve, K. W.,Ingram, F.,Bianchini, K. J.(1998).Latent structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in a clinical sample.Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,13,597-609.
24. Greve, K. W.,Stickle, T. R.,Love, J. M.,Bianchini, K. J.,Stanford, M. S.(2005).Latent structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A confirmatory factor analytic study.Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,20,355-364.
25. Heaton, R. K.,Chelune, G. J.,Talley, J. L.,Kay, G. G.,Curtiss, G.(1993).Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded.Odessa, FL:Psychological Assessment Resources.
26. Hillman, C. H.,Pontifex, M. B.,Raine, L. B.,Castelli, D. M.,Hall, E. E.,Kramer, A. F.(2009).The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement in preadolescent children.Neuroscience,159,1044-1054.
27. Hillman, C. H.,Snook, E. M.,Jerome, G. J.(2003).Acute cardiovascular exercise and executive control function.International Journal of Psychophysiology,48,307-314.
28. Huizinga, M.,Dolan, C. V.,van der Molen, M. W.(2006).Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis.Neuropsychologia,44,2017-2036.
29. Kamijo, K.,Nishihira, Y.,Hatta, A.,Kaneda, T.,Kida, T.,Higashiura, T.,Kuroiwa, K.(2004).Changes in arousal level by differential exercise intensity.Clinical Neurophysiology,115,2693-2698.
30. Kamijo, K.,Nishihira, Y.,Hatta, A.,Kaneda, T.,Wasaka, T.,Kida, T.,Kuroiwa, K.(2004).Differential influences of exercise intensity on information processing in the central nervous system.European Journal of Applied Physiology,92,305-311.
31. Kesaniemi, Y. A.,Danforth, E., Jr.,Jensen, M. D.,Kopelman, P. G.,Lefebvre, P.,Reeder, B. A.(2001).Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: An evidence-based symposium.Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise,33,351-358.
32. Konishi, S.,Hirose, S.,Jimura, K.,Chikazoe, J.,Watanabe, T.,Kimura, H. M.,Miyashita, Y.(2010).Medial prefrontal activity during shifting under novel situations.Neuroscience Letters,484,182-186.
33. Lee, K. H.,Brown, W. H.,Egleston, P. N.,Green, R. D.,Farrow, T. F.,Hunter, M. D.,Woodruff, P. W.(2006).A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of social cognition in schizophrenia during an acute episode and after recovery.The American Journal of Psychiatry,163,1926-1933.
34. Lie, C. H.,Specht, K.,Marshall, J. C.,Fink, G. R.(2006).Using fMRI to decompose the neural processes underlying the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.Neuroimage,30,1038-1049.
35. Lin, H.,Chan, R. C.,Zheng, L.,Yang, T.,Wang, Y.(2007).Executive functioning in healthy elderly Chinese people.Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,22,501-511.
36. McMorris, T.,Sproule, J.,Turner, A.,Hale, B. J.(2011).Acute, intermediate intensity exercise, and speed and accuracy in working memory tasks: A meta-analytical comparison of effects.Physiology and Behavior,102,421-428.
37. Miyake, A.,Friedman, N. P.,Emerson, M. J.,Witzki, A. H.,Howerter, A.,Wager, T. D.(2000).The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis.Cognitive Psychology,41,49-100.
38. Monchi, O.,Petrides, M.,Petre, V.,Worsley, K.,Dagher, A.(2001).Wisconsin Card Sorting revisited: Distinct neural circuits participating in different stages of the task identified by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging.The Journal of Neuroscience,21,7733-7741.
39. Nyhus, E.,Barcelo, F.(2009).The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the cognitive assessment of prefrontal executive functions: A critical update.Brain and Cognition,71,437-451.
40. Pontifex, M. B.,Hillman, C. H.,Fernhall, B.,Thompson, K. M.,Valentini, T. A.(2009).The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory.Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise,41,927-934.
41. Potter, D.,Keeling, D.(2005).Effects of moderate exercise and circadian rhythms on human memory.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,27,117-125.
42. Shan, I. K.,Chen, Y. S.,Lee, Y. C.,Su, T. P.(2008).Adult normative data of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Taiwan.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association,71,517-522.
43. Sibley, B. A.,Beilock, S. L.(2007).Exercise and working memory: An individual differences investigation.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,29,783-791.
44. Specht, K.,Lie, C. H.,Shah, N. J.,Fink, G. R.(2009).Disentangling the prefrontal network for rule selection by means of a non-verbal variant of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.Human Brain Mapping,30,1734-1743.
45. Stroth, S.,Kubesch, S.,Dieterle, K.,Ruchsow, M.,Heim, R.,Kiefer, M.(2009).Physical fitness, but not acute exercise modulates event-related potential indices for executive control in healthy adolescents.Brain Research,1269,114-124.
46. Themanson, J. R.,Hillman, C. H.(2006).Cardiorespiratory fitness and acute aerobic exercise effects on neuroelectric and behavioral measures of action monitoring.Neuroscience,141,757-767.
47. Tomporowski, P. D.(2003).Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition.Acta Psychologica,112,297-324.
48. Tomporowski, P. D.,Ganio, M. S.(2006).Short‐term effects of aerobic exercise on executive processing, memory, and emotional reactivity.International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,4,57-72.
49. 劉影梅、陳俊忠、蔣立琦(2003)。,台北:行政院衛生署國民健康局。

1. 陳志軒,郭依婷,佘永吉(2021)。慢性有氧運動對提升輕度智能障礙學生認知與學習之成效。特殊教育與復健學報，36，39-61。
2. 馮勝賢、粘瑞狄、陳豐慈、陳代聖、張育愷(2018)。中等強度急性健身運動對早產兒計畫執行功能之影響。大專體育學刊，20(1)，16-28。
3. 黃啟彰、張育愷、祝堅恆、石家豪、王俊智(2016)。急性健身運動對執行功能之影響：事件相關電位與大腦神經滋養因子之研究。體育學報，49(S)，47-60。
4. 楊文中、陳麗華、陳豐慈、張育愷、吳聰義(2016)。健身運動對記憶相關認知功能之影響。臺灣運動心理學報，16(2)，57-83。