健身運動與兒童認知功能：協調性運動的效果

Exercise and cognitive function in children: The role of coordinative exercise

10.6497/BSEPT2016.1601.05

謝潄石(Shu-Shih Hsieh)；蔡亨(Heng Tsai)；洪聰敏(Tsung-Min Hung)

身體活動 ； 執行功能 ； 動作技能 ； 小腦 ； physical activity ； executive function ； motor skill ； cerebellum

臺灣運動心理學報

16卷1期（2016 / 05 / 01）

79 - 96

繁體中文

兒童處於認知功能發展的重要階段，此階段大腦具有較高的神經可塑性，對於外在刺激如健身運動具有較高的敏感度。有鑑於此，近期研究建議兒童的健身運動內容應包含較高的動作複雜性與認知挑戰性來促進其認知功能；其中，協調性運動對兒童認知功能發展的效果受到關注。因此，本綜評文章的目的為統整過去探討協調性運動對兒童認知功能之效果的研究進行文獻整理與評析，嘗試找出過去研究的不足並提供未來建議。經過文獻統整後本文獲致下列結語：(一) 單次協調性運動可能促進正常發展兒童的認知功能，長期協調性運動則對正常發展、ADHD、DCD 兒童的認知功能有正面影響，肥胖可能調節長期訓練的效果；(二)單次協調性運動可能提早活化額葉－小腦神經網絡，因而提升認知表現，長期協調性運動則可能透過神經訊息處理的提升、小腦與海馬迴神經生化結構的改變、前額葉-小腦-動作皮質功能性連結的增強與小腦活化程度的提高來促進認知功能。最後，本文建議未來研究宜針對過去研究在方法學上的限制進行調整與修正，以更完整地檢驗協調性運動對兒童認知功能的可能影響。

Childhood is a crucial period for cognitive development, in which our brain has greater neural plasticity and is more sensitive to environmental stimuli such as exercise. Recent studies have suggested that exercise programs featured with higher motor complexity and greater cognitive demands, coordinative exercise in particular, would be more beneficial to cognitive functioning in children. Thus, the purposes of current paper were to review past studies tapping on the relationship between coordinative exercise and childhood cognition, and highlight the methodological constraints of previous works as well as provide future directions. It was summarized that: (1) acute bouts of coordinative exercise may facilitate cognitive performance in the typically developed children whereas chronic interventions could improve cognitive function in typically developed children, children with ADHD, and children with DCD. Additionally, obesity may moderate the effects of chronic interventions on cognition; and (2) acute coordinative exercise may facilitate cognitive function via the early activation of the neural network between frontal lobes and cerebellum; whereas chronic interventions enhance cognitive function probably via facilitated neural information processing, changes in neurobiological structures in the cerebellum and hippocampus, increased functional connectivity between the frontal, cerebellum, and motor areas, and enhanced activation in the cerebellum. Finally, we herein suggest future studies focus on the modifications for several methodological constraints from previous works in order to examine the effects of coordinative exercise with a well-developed and structured study design.

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