大專棒球投手的動作協調：個體與工作限制

Movement coordination of pitching on college baseball pitchers: individual and task constraint

10.6497/BSEPT.202303_23(1).0002

陳紋鋒(Wen-Feng Chen)；陳明僑(Ming-Chiao Chen)；陳秀惠(Hsiu-Hui Chen)

大學投手 ； 棒球投球 ； 全身動作協調 ； 主成分分析 ； college pitchers ； baseball pitching ； whole-body coordination ； principal component analysis

臺灣運動心理學報

23卷1期（2023 / 03 / 31）

29 - 43

繁體中文;英文

目的：本研究旨在探討技能水準與球種的限制對於大學棒球投手全身動作協調的影響。方法：以16名大學棒球投手，依照技能水準分為先發與後備兩組，每組各8名。分別進行直球、曲球和變速球的投擲，以動作擷取系統蒐集和投球練習器，收集投球時的全身主要動作肢段的關節標記座標跟球速。分別計算投球動作的運動學與全身動作協調參數來進行比較。結果：先發投手有較快的球速，其中以直球最快，其次為曲球，最後為變速球。肩與肘活動速度的參數，出現組別與球種的交互作用，軀幹與下肢的運動學參數則僅有球種的主要效果。主成分分析顯示，三個成分可以解釋96%-98%的動作變異，分別描述全身肢段隨著球的移動、動力的傳遞過程以及快速揮臂等成分動作。先發投手和直球有比較小的第一成分和比較大的二、三成分之解釋量和成分動作的效果值。在成分內容上，肢段動作元素的組合型態中幾乎沒有顯著的組別或球種的差異。結論：透過運動學和主成分分析結果，皆發現技能水準與球種在整體的投球協調有顯著的影響，代表全身動作協調仍然是大學投手在投球控制上的關鍵因素，而個別選手在控制不同球種時，參與的肢段活動存在個別差異。

Purpose: The presented study investigated the effect of the constrained of skilled and type of pitching on the movement coordination of college baseball pitchers. Method: Sixteen college baseball pitchers participated and were grouped into starter and backup among each group 8 pitchers. All the pitchers were required to throw fastballs, curve balls, and change-ups for each type. A motion captured system and a pitching training equipment were applied to collect the coordinates of makers attached on the major segments of the whole body and to record the speed of each pitch. The parameters of kinematics and whole-body movement coordination were calculated for further compares. Results: The starters had faster pitches than did the backup and the speed for fast was higher than the curves and change-up. Significant interactions were found in the parameters of shoulder and elbow activities while only type effects were found for the parameters of trunk and lower body. Three components could explained 96%-98% of movement variance which described the movement of the whole body along the trajectory of the ball, the process of transfer of kinetic, and the motion for fast waving. The starters and fast pitches had lower value of first components and higher for the rests. In the content of components, almost no significant difference of groups and type in the pattern of combination of segmental movement elements was found. Conclusion: By the analyses of kinetics and principal component analysis, we found differences under the constrained of skilled levels and pitching types. The results indicate that whole-body coordination still critical to the pitching type controlling for college pitchers. Moreover, variabilities exist in the involvement of segmental activities when individual pitchers control their types of pitching.

1. Arutyunyan, G. H.,Gurfinkel, V. S.,Mirskii, M. L.(1969).Organization of movement on execution by man of an exact postural task.Biophysics,14,1162-1167.
2. Barrentine, S. W.,Matsuo, T.,Escamilla, R. F.,Fleisig, G. S.,Andrews, J. R.(1998).Kinematic analysis of the wrist and forearm during baseball pitching.Journal of Applied Biomechanics,14(1),24-39.
3. Barrett, D. D.,Burton, A. W.(2002).Throwing patterns used by collegiate baseball players in actual games.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,73(1),19-27.
4. Chen, H. H.,Liu, C.,Yang, W. W.(2016).Coordination pattern of baseball pitching among young pitchers of various ages and velocity levels.Journal of Sport Sciences,34(17),1682-1690.
5. Chen, H.-H.,Liu, Y.-T.,Mayer-Kress, G.,Newell, K. M.(2005).Learning the pedalo locomotion task.Journal of Motor Behavior,37(3),247-256.
6. Escamilla, R. F.,Fleisig, G. S.,Barrentine, S. W.,Zheng, N.,Andrews, J. R.(1998).Kinematic comparisons of throwing different types of baseball pitches.Journal of Applied Biomechanics,14(1),1-23.
7. Fleisig, G. S.,Kingsley, D. S.,Loftice, J. W.,Dinnen, K. P.,Ranganathan, R.,Dun, S.,Escamilla, R. F,Andrews, J. R.(2006).Kinetic comparison among the fastball, curveball, change-up, and slider in collegiate baseball pitchers.The American Journal of Sports Medicine,34(3),423-430.
8. Fleisig, G. S.,Laughlin, W. A.,Aune, K. T.,Cain, E. L.,Dugas, J. R.,Andrews, J. R.(2016).Differences among fastball, curveball, and change-up pitching biomechanics across various levels of baseball.Sports Biomechanics,15(2),128-138.
9. Glanzer, J. A.,Diffendaffer, A. Z.,Slowik, J. S.,Drogosz, M.,Lo, N. J.,Fleisig, G. S.(2019).The relationship between variability in baseball pitching kinematics and consistency in pitch location.Sports Biomechanics,20(7),879-886.
10. Gray, R.(2021).How we learn to move: a revolution in the way we coach & practice sports skills.Perception Action Consulting & Education LLC.
11. Huys, R.,Cañal-Bruland, R.,Hagemann, N.,Beek, P. J.,Smeeton, N. J.,Williams, A. M.(2008).Global information pickup underpins anticipation of tennis shot direction.Journal of Motor Behavior,41(2),158-171.
12. Lamoth, C. J. C.,Daffertshofer, A.,Huys, R.,Beek, P. J.(2009).Steady and transient coordination structures of walking and running.Human Movement Science,28(3),371-386.
13. Langendorfer, S. J.,Roberton, M. A.(2002).Individual pathways in the development of forceful throwing.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,73(3),245-256.
14. Matsuo, T.,Escamilla, R. F.,Fleisig, G. S.,Barrentine, S. W.,Andrews, J. R.(2001).Comparison of kinematic and temporal parameters between different pitch velocity groups.Journal of Applied Biomechanics,17(1),1-13.
15. Peres-Neto, P. R.,Jackson, D. A.,Somers, K. M.(2003).Giving meaningful interpretation to ordination axes: assessing loading significance in principal component analysis.Ecology,84(9),2347-2363.
16. Scarborough, D. M.,Bassett, A. J.,Mayer, L. W.,Berkson, E. M.(2020).Kinematic sequence patterns in the overhead baseball pitch.Sports Biomechanics,19(5),569-586.
17. Solomito, M. J.,Garibay, E. J.,Woods, J. R.,Õunpuu, S.,Nissen, C. W.(2014).Evaluation of wrist and forearm motion in college-aged baseball pitchers.Sports Biomechanics,13(4),320-331.
18. Southard, D.(2009).Throwing pattern: Changes in timing of joint lag according to age between and within skill level.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,80(2),213-222.
19. Takahashi, K.,Fujii, N.,Ae, M.(2002).Kinematic comparisons of different pitch velocity groups in baseball using motion model method.ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive
20. Turvey, M. T.(1990).Coordination.American Psychologist,45(8),938-953.