競技心理能量的概念、測量以及未來研究方向

Athletic Mental Energy: Concepts, Measurements, and Future Research Directions

10.6634/JPSS-CCU.202004_(30).0006

楊明蓁(Cynthia M. C. Yang)；盧俊宏(Frank J. H. Lu)

卓越心理狀態 ； 最佳表現 ； 正向心理 ； optimal psychological state ； peak performance ； positive state of mind

文化體育學刊

30輯（2020 / 04 / 01）

73 - 84

繁體中文

本論文的目的旨在探討競技心理能量（athletic mental energy, AME）之的概念性架構、測量方法，以及提供未來研究的建議。首先，研究介紹了心理能量的概念起源，並且描述了心理能量在人類成就中的重要作用和初步對心理能量一詞的解釋；接著介紹Lu與研究同儕（Lu, Gill, Yang, Lee, Hsu, Chiu, & Kuan, 2018）競技心理能量的定義和概念性架構，並根據定義和概念性架構進行量表編制，檢驗信、效度，最後描繪出整體競技心理能量的架構，本研究建議未來研究者可就幾個方向進行更深入的探討：如運動心理技能的增進來源、消耗來源、心理技能介入的影響，以及競技心理能量可能產生的後果等，期待能夠藉由更多元的相關研究把競技心理能量研究推廣到全世界，並且這一個研究方向能夠提升運動表現以及促進運動員的心理康寧。

The purpose of this essay was to depict the concept of athletic mental energy (AME), including its theoretical framework, measurements, and future research directions. First, we introduced the original term of mental energy and discussed how it works in human functioning and achievement. Further, we introduced recent work of athletic mental energy by Lu and colleagues (Lu, Gill, Yang, Lee, Hsu, Chiu, & Kuan, 2018) such as definition, conceptual framework, measurement development, psychometrics, sources and consequence of AME. We suggest researchers may apply the concept and measurement of AME, such as the sources of increase/decrease of AME, the intervention of psychology skill, and the possible consequences, etc., to study athletic performance and promote athletes' psychological well-being in the world.

1. American Educational Research Association American Psychological, Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education (2014). Standards for Educational Psychological Testing. Washington, DC.
2. Anderson, R.,Hanahan, S.,Mallet, C.(2014).Investigating the optimal psychological state for peak performance in Australian elite athletes.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,26,318-333.
3. Bandura, A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:prentice.
4. Barbuto, J.E.(2006).Mental energy: Assessing the motivation dimension.Nutrition Reviews,64(7),s14-s16.
5. Cohn, P.J.(1991).An exploratory study on peak performance in golfer.The Sport Psychologist,5,1-14.
6. Cook, D.B.,Davis, J.M.(2006).Mental energy: Defining the science.Nutrition Reviews,64(3),s1-s11.
7. Dammann, K. W.,Bell, M.,Kanter, M.,Berger, A.(2013).Effects of consumption of sucromalt,a slow digestible carbohydrate, on mental and physical energy questionnaire responses.Nutritional Neuroscience,16(2),83-95.
8. Durand-Bush, N.,Salmela, J. H.,Green-Demers, I(2001).The Ottawa mental skills assessment tool (OMSAT-3).The Sport Psychologist,15,1-19.
9. Fletcher, D.,Sarkar, M.(2012).A Grounded Theory of Psychological Resilience in Olympic Champions Psychology of.Sport and Exercise,13,669-678.
10. Frey, M.,Laguna, P. L.,Ravizza, K.(2003).Collegiate athletes’ mental skill use and perceptions of success: an exploration of the practice and competition settings.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,15,115-128.
11. Garfield, C.A.,Bennett, H.Z.(1984).Peak performance: Mental training techniques of the world’s greatest athletes.Los Angeles:Tarcher.
12. Gill, L.(2000).Psychological dynamics of sport and exercise.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
13. Gorby, H. E.,Brownawell, A. M.,Falk, M. C.(2010).Do specific dietary constituents and supplements affect mental energy?.Nutr. Rev,68,697-718.
14. Gucciardi, D.F.(Ed.),Gordon, S.(Ed.)(2011).Mental toughness in sport: Development in theory and research.Abingdon, UK:Routledge.
15. Hanin, Y. L.(Ed.)(2000).Mental toughness in sport: Development in theory and research Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning.Abingdon, UK Champaign, IL, US:Routledge Human Kinetics.
16. Harrell, F.(2001).Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic Regression, and Survival Analysis.New York, NY:Springer.
17. Harwood, C.,Cumming, J.,Fletcher, D.(2004).Motivational profiles and psychological skills use within elite youth sport.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,16(4),318-332.
18. Jones, G.,Hanton, S.,Connaughton, D.(2007).A Framework of Mental Toughness in the World’s Best Performers.The Sport Psychologist,21,243-264.
19. Jones, G.,Hanton, S.,Connaughton, D.(2002).What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sports performers.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,14,205-218.
20. Klavor, P.(Ed.),Daniel, JV.(Ed.)(1979).Prediction of performance in athletics Coach, athlete, and the sport psychologist.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
21. Lawless, F.J.,Grobbelaar, H. W.(2015).Sport psychological skills profile of track and field athletes and comparisons between successful and less successful track athletes.South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation,37(3),123-142.
22. Lieberman R. L.(2006).Mental energy: assessing the cognition dimension.Nutrition Reviews,64(7),S10-S13.
23. Loehr, J.E.(1984).How to overcome stress and play at your peak all the time.Tennis,66-76.
24. Loy, B.D.,O’Connor, P.J(2016).The effect of histamine on changes in mental energy and fatigue after a single bout of exercise.Physiol Behav,153,7-18.
25. Lu, F.J.H.,Gill, D. L.,Yang, C.M.C(2018).Measuring athletic mental energy (AME): instrument development and validation.Frontier in Psychology,9,1-15.
26. Lucas-Carrasco, R.(2012).The WHO quality of life (WHOQOL) questionnaire: Spanish development and validation studies.Quality of Life Research,21,161-165.
27. Lykken, D. T.(2005).Mental energy.Intelligence,33,331-335.
28. Mahoney, J. W.,Gucciardi, D.,Ntoumanis, N.,Mallet, C. J.(2014).Mental Toughness in Sport: Motivational Antecedents and Associations with Performance and Psychological Health.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,36(3),281-292.
29. Mahoney, M.J.,Gabriel, T.J.,Perkins, T. S.(1987).Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance.The Sport Psychologist,1,181-199.
30. McNair, D. M.,Lorr, M.,Droppleman, L. F.(1981).Manual for the Profile of Mood States.San Diego:Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
31. Morris, T.(Ed.),Summers, J.(Ed.)(2004).Sport psychology: Theory, applications and issues Milton, QLD, Australia.John Wiley & Sons Australia.
32. Murray, H.A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
33. Nideffer, R.(1985).Athletes’ Guide to Mental Training.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
34. Nishiyama, T.,Mizuno, T.,Kozuma, M.(2014).Criterion validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale for the diagnosis of sleep disorders.Sleep Medicine,15(4),422-429.
35. O’Connor, P.J.(2006).Mental energy: Assessing the mood dimension.Nutrition Reviews,64(7),s7-s9.
36. Privett, G.,Bundrick, C. M.(1997).Psychological processes of peak, average, and failing performance in sport.International Journal of Sport Psychology,28,323-334.
37. Ravizza, K.(1977).Peak experience in sport.Journal of Humanistic Psychology,17(4),35-40.
38. Ryding, E.,Ahnlide, J.,Lindstrom, M.,Rosen, I.,Traskman-Bendz, L.(2006).Regional brain serotonin and dopamine transporter biding capacity I suicide attempters related to impulsiveness and mental energy.Psychiatric Research and Neuroimaging,148,195-203.
39. Sage, G.(1977).Introduction of motor behavior: A neuropsychological approach.Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
40. Sindik, J.,Botica, A.,Fiskus, M.(2015).Preliminary psychometric validation of the multidimensional inventory of sport excellence: attention scales and mental energy.Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,4(1),17-28.
41. Singer, R. N.(Ed.),Hausenblas, H. A.(Ed.),Janelle, C. M.(Ed.)(2001).Handbook of sport psychology.New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
42. Suinn, R.(1986).Seven steps to peak performance.Toronto:Hans Huber.
43. Tabachnick, B. G.,Fidell, L. S.(2007).Using Multivariate Statistics.Boston, MA:Pearson Education Inc..
44. Thomas, P. R.,Murphy, S. M.,Hardy, L.(1999).Test of Performance Strategies: Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes’psychological skills.Journal of Sports Sciences,17,697-711.
45. Vealey, R.(1986).Conceptualization of sport confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development.Journal of Sport Psychology,8,221-246.
46. Ware, J. E.(2000).SF-36 health survey update.Spine Phila Pa,25(24),3130-3139.
47. Zepf, S.(2010).Libido and psychic energy—Freud’s concept reconsidered.International Forum of Psychoanalysis,19(1),3-14.