孟加拉的獨立運動

The Independence Movement of Bangladesh

謝國斌(Kuo-Pin Hsieh)

孟加拉 ； 獨立運動 ； 印度 ； 巴基斯坦 ； 分治 ； Bangladesh ； independence movement ； India ； Pakistan ； partition

台灣國際研究季刊

14卷1期（2018 / 03 / 01）

19 - 34

繁體中文

本文的目的在探討孟加拉的獨立運動歷程。當代孟加拉的國家官方名稱為孟加拉人民共和國，獨立建國於1971年。在此之前，孟加拉擁有非常優久的人類居住歷史，曾經遭受過幾個帝國的統治，到了13世紀傳入了伊斯蘭教，成為今日孟加拉人民的主要信仰。除了伊斯蘭教之外，影響當代孟加拉獨立建國的遠因包括英國的殖民、1947年的印巴分治等。印巴分治的思維是依循印度教與伊斯蘭教的分界，建立印度與巴基斯坦兩個國家，其中以穆斯林為主體的東孟加拉被劃歸為巴基斯坦的一部分，然而由於雙方在地理、族群、語言、文化、人口數量等方面有著相當的差距，因此也導致了1971年孟加拉獨立戰爭的爆發。本文架構有四：其一，探究孟加拉獨立的背景因素，其二分析孟加拉與巴基斯坦之間衝突的醞釀，其三描繪1971年孟加拉獨立戰爭的過程，最後則是探索孟加拉獨立之後迄今的後續情形。

The purpose of this article is to explore Bangladesh’s independence journey to a sovereign country. Bangladesh had long humanity history that could be traced back to thousand years ago, while it did not become a sovereign nation state until 1971 when it partitioned from Pakistan. Four themes are discussed in this article: first, the background factors that lead to independence movement; second, the conflict escalation between Pakistan and Bangladesh; third, the breakout of liberation war and politics among international great powers; and fourth, the journey to nation building after independence.

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