美國印太經濟架構與跨太平洋夥伴全面進步協定

From TPP and CPTPP to IPEF: Change of US Global View

紀舜傑(Shun-jie Ji)

跨太平洋夥伴協定 ； 跨太平洋夥伴全面進步協定 ； 印太經濟架構 ； Trans-Pacific Partnership ； Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership ； Indo-Pacific Economic Framework

台灣國際研究季刊

18卷2期（2022 / 07 / 01）

143 - 162

繁體中文

本文的重點在回顧美國的『跨太平洋夥伴協定」（TPP）與『跨太平洋夥伴全面進步協定』（CPTPP）發展歷程，從當初的倡議到退出，到拜登政府提出的「印太經濟架構」（IPEF），如何看出美國態度轉變背後的意涵，而美國的整體發展動向也是探討的重點，從強力主導區域與全球秩序到轉向以美國優先的保護主義，檢視美國的世界觀與國際秩序的互動關係。本文發現，美國退出TPP和CPTPP造成的損失不僅是經貿上的，而且是地緣政治上的，也是美國在全球領導地位的動搖。拜登上台後必須修正川普的單邊主義，所以展現柔軟謙遜的態度與盟友重新搏感情所以拜登在印太戰略下提出的印太經濟架構，也是為了修補TPP與CPTPP的損失，特別是面對中國藉由RECEP展現強烈企圖心，美國再不積極作為，可能難以維持拜登提出的競爭、合作、對抗的中國政策。然而印太經濟架構仍在構思討論中，許多重要的關節都還沒有明朗，例如加入的會員標準或對象都還撲朔迷離。然而，拜登回到美國主導國際秩序的世界觀是明確的，也是值得大家期待的。

It sometimes puzzles people to see the American's attitudes with free trade and other economic integration with alliances or non-alliance. Traditional isolationism seems to surface once in a while, leading to the national climate to withdraw from comprehensive trade agreements. The goal of this article is to review the change of discourse and action among Obama's, Trump's, and Biden's administrations through Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), to Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). Trump's America First doctrine was said to become America Alone that hurt the US global leadership in democracy and moral guidance. Biden tried to shift back to alliance building which was the foundation of the US hegemon since the Cold War. Therefore, people around the world have high interest to see how IPEF would resort to the US leadership not only in the Indo-Pacific region but also around the world.

1. 紀舜傑(2022)。拜登的第一年－變與不變。台灣國際研究季刊，18(1)，43-63。
   連結：
2. 紀舜傑(2016)。美國中立政策之探討。台灣國際研究季刊，12(2)，175-190。
   連結：
3. 紀舜傑(2021)。『跨大西洋貿易及投資夥伴協議』之回顧與展望。台灣國際研究季刊，17(2)，29-46。
   連結：
4. Abadi, Mark. 2016. “Where Hillary Clinton Stands on Obama’s Legacy Trade Deal.” Business Insider (https://www.businessinsider.com/hillary-clinton-policy-on-tpp-trade-deal-2016-10) (2022/5/11)
5. Brzezinski, Zbigniew(1998).The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives.New York:Basic Books.
6. CFR. 2019. “The Presidential Candidates on the Trans-Pacific Partnership.” (https://www.cfr.org/article/presidential-candidates-trans-pacific-partnership) (2022/5/11)
7. Doshi, Rush(2021).The Long Game: China’s Grand Strategy to Displace American Order.New York:Oxford University Press.
8. Economy, Elizabeth C.(2022).The World According to China.Cambridge:Polity.
9. Friedman, Thomas. 2021. “China’s Leaders Are Having Fun with Us. Who Can Blame Them?” New York Times, September 21 (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/opinion/china-biden-australia-tpp.html) (2022/4/22)
10. Goodman, Matthew P. 2018. “From TPP to CPTPP.” CSIS (https://www.csis.org/analysis/tpp-cptpp) (2022/5/11)
11. Grabow, Colin. 2022. “5 Years Later the United States Is Still Paying for Its TPP Blunder.” CATO (https://www.cato.org/blog/5-years-later-united-states-still-paying-tpp-blunder) (2022/5/11)
12. Hoyama, Taisei. 2022. “U.S. Aims to Launch New Indo-Pacific Framework as Early as May.” Nikkei Asia, April 8 (https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Indo-Pacific/U.S.-aims-to-launch-new-Indo-Pacific-framework-as-early-as-May) (2022/5/29)
13. Indian Express. 2015. “Almost Everybody Takes Advantage of the US, China Number One Abuser of the Country: Trump.” November 11 (https://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/india-china-taking-advantage-of-us-through-its-economic-policies-donald-trump/) (2022/5/11)
14. Kurtzleben, Danielle. 2015. “Elizabeth Warren on Obama’s Trade Deal: ‘He Won’t Put the Facts out There.’” VOX, April 23 (https://www.vox.com/2015/4/23/8482851/elizabeth-warren-obama-tpp-secret) (2022/5/11)
15. Lima, Cristiano. 2016. “Trump Calls Trade Deal ‘A Rape of Our Country.’” (https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/donald-trump-trans-pacific-partnership-224916) (2022/5/11)
16. Marshall, Leslie. 2022. “5 Good Things Biden Has Done for All of Us: President Biden and His Administration Have Made a Number of Positive Changes for Our Nation.” Fox News. May 13 (https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/good-things-biden-leslie-marshall) (2022/5/11)
17. McTague, Tom, and Peter Nicholas. 2020. “How ‘America First’ Became America Alone: In His Desperation to Restore and Showcase American Strength, Donald Trump Has Made the Country Weaker.” The Atlantic (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/10/donald-trump-foreign-policy-america-first/616872/) (2022/5/11)
18. Memoli, Michael A. 2016. “Hillary Clinton Once Called TPP the ‘Gold Standard’: Here’s Why, And What She Says about the Trade Deal Now.” Los Angeles Times, September 16 (https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trade-tpp-20160926-snap-story.html) (2022/5/11)
19. Nathan, Andrew. 2022. “What Exactly Is America’s China Policy?” Foreign Policy, April 14 (https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/14/us-china-biden-strategy-geopolitics/) (2022/5/11)
20. Pew Research Center. 2016. “Opinions on U.S. International Involvement, Free Trade, ISIS and Syria, Russia and China.” (https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2016/10/27/7-opinions-on-u-s-international-involvement-free-trade-isis-and-syria-russia-and-china/) (2022/5/11)
21. Poushter, Jacob. 2015. “Americans Favor TPP, But Less than Those in Other Countries Do.” Pew Research Center (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/23/americans-favor-tpp-but-less-than-other-countries-do/) (2022/5/29)
22. Pramuk, Jacob. 2018. “Trump: I Would Reconsider a Massive Pacific Trade Deal If It Were ‘Substantially Better.’” CNBC, January 25 (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/25/trump-says-he-would-reconsider-trans-pacific-partnership-trade-deal.html) (2022/5/11)
23. Sherman, Jake. 2017. “Poll: Voters Liked Trump’s ‘America First’ Address.” Politico (https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/poll-voters-liked-trumps-inaugural-address-234148) (2022/5/11)
24. Stokes, Bruce. 2015. “Americans’ Views on Trade, TTP and TTIP.” Pew Research Center (https://www.wita.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Bruce-Stokes-Politics-in-Trade-10.7.15.pdf) (2022/5/11)
25. Taylor, Adam. 2018. “A timeline of Trump’s Complicated Relationship with the TPP.” Washington Post, April 13 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/13/a-timeline-of-trumps-complicated-relationship-with-the-tpp/) (2022/5/11)
26. Warren, Elizabeth. 2016. “Senator Warren Urges Congress to Reject TPP Agreement.” (https://warren.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/senator-warren-urges-congress-to-reject-tpp-agreement) (2022/5/11)
27. White House. 2022. “Indo-Pacific Strategy of the United States.” (https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf) (2022/5/11)
28. Wike, Richard., Jacob Poushter, Laura Silver, Janell Fetterolf, and Mara Mordecai. 2021. “America’s Image Abroad Rebounds with Transition from Trump to Biden.” Pew Research Center (https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/) (2022/5/11)