多族群國家的國族打造──以東南亞國家為例

Nation-Building in Multi-Ethnic Countries: The Case of Southeast Asian Countries

謝國斌(Kuo-Pin Hsieh)

國族打造國族打造 ； 東南亞 ； 語言政策 ； 多族群國家 ； Nation-building ； Southeast Asia ； language policy ； multi-ethnic countries

台灣國際研究季刊

20卷2期（2024 / 06 / 01）

1 - 43

繁體中文;英文

國族打造是要界定「我們是誰」或「我們不是誰」，主要目標在凝聚內部認同，型塑共同體的情感。成功的國族打造能增強國民對國家的向心力與認同感，也能帶來和平、促進經濟發展，其中宗教和語言政策是國族打造的兩大重點。本論文以東南亞國家為案例，探究各國如何進行國族打造。全文分析了泰國、緬甸、寮國、柬埔寨、越南、馬來西亞、新加坡、菲律賓、印尼、汶萊和東帝汶共11個國家。本文發現，中南半島國家皆採同化主義，以主要族群的語言、文化、宗教為標準，試圖同化少數族群。相較之下，南洋群島國家因地理環境和歷史因素，國族打造的策略也較為複雜，雖然也有國語或官方語言的選定來界定國族，但並沒有明顯的同化主義，反而有族群區隔（馬來西亞、汶萊）、族群共榮（新加坡）、異中求同（印尼）、務實主義（東帝汶）等情形。此外，英語雖是菲、馬、新、汶等國前殖民者的語言，但在務實的考量下，英語也成這些國家的官方語言、工作語言或教學語言，更是跨族群溝通的重要工具，並無太多解殖的考量。基於同樣的務實主義，英語也是東帝汶和東南亞國協組織的工作語言。

Nation-building is about defining "who we are" or "who we are not," with the primary goal of fostering internal identity and shaping a sense of community. Successful nation-building can enhance citizens‟ sense of cohesion and identification with the country and can also bring peace and promote economic development. Religion and language policies are the two main focuses of nation-building. This article takes Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, and East Timor, to explore how each country undertakes nation-building. This study finds that the countries on the Indochina Peninsula all adopt assimilationism, using the language, culture, and religion of the dominant ethnic group as standards, attempting to assimilate minority groups. In contrast, the nation-building strategies in Southeast Asian archipelago countries are more complex due to geographical and historical factors. Although these countries also designate national or official languages to define the nation, there is no obvious assimilationism. Instead, there are cases of ethnic differentiation (Malaysia, Brunei), ethnic co-prosperity (Singapore), seeking unity in diversity (Indonesia), and pragmatism (East Timor). English, though a language of former colonizers in the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, has become a language of instruction or working language due to practical considerations and is an important tool for cross-ethnic communication.