SPS Measures and the Export of Primary Products Protection and Protectionism

衛生暨植物衛生措施與原料產品的出口：保護與保護主義

10.30392/TJWTOS.200506_(2).0001

安德森(Gordon Anderson)

烏拉圭回合 ； 有關衛生暨植物衛生措施SPS協議 ； WTO ； GATT ； Uruguay Round ； SPS Agreement ； WTO ； GATT

Taiwanese Journal of WTO Studies

2期（2005 / 06 / 01）

1 - 29

英文

自完成鳥拉圭回合談判以來，加拿大已兩度牽扯進有關衛生暨植物衛生措施(SPS)協議的爭議。Appelate Body有關這兩次紛爭的報告對決定在SPS協定下國家的義務至為重要。雖然這兩個案子加國皆獲勝利，但是Appelate Body的報告隱約地顯示加拿大將難以在未來類似爭議時再度勝訴。本文主旨在評估風險的本質、因此將從兩個角度來思考SPS措施。其一是從面臨SPS障礙挑戰的某些特定產品的出口商的角度來分析。其二則是從一個爲防止具破壞性的有機體進口，而試圖實施檢疫限制以達成適度保護的國家的角度來度量。 由於那此試圖護衛SPS措施的國家所採行的政策明顯地功效不彰，本文的另一項企圖是探討SPS協定與相關案件的法律是否意味著某種適切的平衡已經在真正SPS和貿易需求間形成，同時剖析防衛SPS措施成效不彰是否有可能會成為未來的典範。這些問題都是所有國家，尤其是那些對出口原料依存度極高的國家，的主要關切。

Since the completion of the Uruguay Round Canada has been involved in two major disputes concerning the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. The Appellate Body reports in these two disputes have been critical in determining the obligations of countries under the SPS Agreement. Although Canada was successful in those cases the Appellate Body reports suggest that future disputes may prove more difficult to win. This paper will focus primarily on the nature of the risk assessment that is required to be undertaken under the SPS Agreement and in doing so will consider SPS measures from two perspectives. First that of an exporter facing SPS barriers to the particular product being exported and secondly that of a country wishing to prevent the introduction of damaging organisms and therefore seeking to impose quarantine restrictions to achieve appropriate protection. The paper will also raise the question of whether the SPS Agreement and associated case law suggest that a proper balance has been developed between genuine SPS and trade needs and consider whether the lack of success in defending SPS measures is likely to the norm in future. These issues are of major concern to all countries but particularly those that are heavily dependent on the export of primary products.