题名

China's Science Diplomacy in the South China Sea:Exploring, calming and owning the waters

并列篇名

中國在南海的科技外交：試探、維穩與擁有水域

DOI

10.30392/TJWTOS.201903_(31).0001

作者

杜允士(Fabrizio Bozzato)

关键词

China ； Science Diplomacy ； South China Sea ； ASEAN ； Maritime Power ； 中國 ； 科技外交 ； 南海 ； 東協 ； 海權國

期刊名称

Taiwanese Journal of WTO Studies

卷期/出版年月

31期（2019 / 03 / 01）

页次

1 - 64

内容语文

英文
中文摘要

The South China Sea is not only the arena of conflicting sovereignty claims, but is also increasingly identified as one of the most significant environmental hotspots of the 21st century. The impact of continuous coastal development, escalating reclamation and augmenting maritime traffic is now routinely placed in front of the eyes of the world. With dwindling fisheries in the region's coastal areas, fishing state subsidies, overlapping EEZ claims, and projects of seabed mining and oil drilling, gloomy scenarios on food security and renewable marine resources are rapidly becoming a dire reality. These critical ecological circumstances are in negative combination with the complex geopolitical ecosystem of the area, in which China's territorial ambitions are resisted or challenged by a number of regional stakeholders and the United States. In this difficult predicament, science diplomacy - international science cooperation intended primarily to improve political relations with other countries - may play a crucial role. The growing centrality of science diplomacy within public policy is reflective of its new status as the practice of foreign policy needs to adapt to a reality of scientific and technical pervasiveness. In fact, many of the defining challenges the region is facing have scientific dimensions, and none of the littoral countries will be able to solve these problems on its own. For this reason, they need an ambit and instrument for enhancing mutual trust, strengthening cooperation and share interests without directly involving their territorial disputes. Fortunately, joint scientific investigations have the potential to spread the norms of scientific inquiry to enhance governance. Therefore, the collaboration of epistemic communities from the claimant nations can create synergies and ‘spaces of trust' for circumventing the sovereignty debate by focusing on science-based cooperation and co-manage the sea. Science diplomacy would also serve as a vector for implementing public diplomacy strategies, especially for China, which is strong in science and technology relations and has a regional bully image problem. However, an analysis of China's scientific activities and collaborative projects indicates that Beijing might be using scientific cooperation mainly as a conduit of soft power and Sino-centric discourses, and present any collaboration as a concession, rather than a partnership on an equal footing.
英文摘要

南海不僅是主權衝突的區域，而且也日益成為21世紀最重要的環境熱點之一。在世人眼前所呈現的常態是海岸的持續開發與不斷升高的宣示與一再強化的海上交通所帶來的衝擊。由於區域內海岸地區漁獲量的減少，捕漁的政府補貼，重疊的專屬經濟區（Exclusive Economic Zone,簡稱EEZ）的主權宣示以及海床採礦與石油探勘的計畫，有關食品安全與海洋可再生資源（renewable marine resources）的悲觀情境剖析已是事實。這些危急的生態環境再加上複雜的區域地緣政治生態體系的結合是中國領土企圖心在此區域遭到數個區域內相關當事國與美國抵抗或挑戰的背景。在此困境的情況下，旨在改善與他國的政治關係而以國際科技合作為核心的科技外交或可扮演關鍵的角色。科技外交逐漸成為公眾政策的主軸以及其新地位正反映出外交的實踐必須適應科技普及的事實。而事實上目前此一區域所面臨的諸多挑戰皆與科學領域相關，沒有一個沿岸國家得以單獨解決這些問題。因此，這些國家需要在其影響所及的範圍內有增加互信、強化合作與共享利益卻不直接涉及領土紛爭的機制。所幸共同科學調查具有從科學探索規範延伸至強化管理的潛力。此外，科技外交亦可作為落實公眾外交戰略的向量，尤其是擁有強大科技關係但在區域內有強欺小形象的中國。
主题分类 社會科學 > 經濟學
参考文献
  1. Mallory, Tabitha(2015).Preparing for the Ocean Century: China’s Changing Political Institutions for Ocean Governance and Maritime Development.Issues & Studies,51(2),126.
    連結：
  2. Agnihotri, Kamlesh K.(2013).Holistic Maritime Capacity Building: New ‘route’ to China’s Rise.Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India,9(1),35-36.
  3. Roncevert Ganan Almond, “The Great Leap Forward: China’s Pursuit of a Strategic Breakthrough”, The Diplomat, 15 December 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/the-great-leap-forward-chinas-pursuit-of-a-strategic-breakthrough/ (accessed January 9, 2018).
  4. Arredondo, Ana Espinola(ed.),Garcia, Feliz Munoz(ed.)(2016).The WSPC Reference on Natural Resources and Environmental Policy in the Era of Global Change (Volume 1: Game Theory).Singapore:World Scientific.
  5. ASEAN-China Center, “The 1st Conference on China-ASEAN Cooperation of Science and Technology & The Unveiling Ceremony of China-ASEAN Institute of Science and Technology Successfully Held”, 29 July 2017, http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2017-07/29/c_136488170.htm (accessed January 5, 2018).
  6. RSIS Commentary Rajaratnam School of International Studies
  7. Australian Strategic Policy institute(2013).Maritime Confidence Building Measures in the South China Sea Conference.ASPI Special Report,18.
  8. David Barno and Nora Bensahel, “A New Generation of Unrestricted Warfare”, War on the Rocks, 19 April 2016, https://warontherocks.com/2016/04/a-new-generation-of-unrestricted-warfare/ (accessed January 5, 2018).
  9. Bateman, Sam(2017).Building Cooperation for Managing the South China Sea Without Strategic Trust.Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies,4(2),251-259.
  10. Hannah Beech, “Just Where Exactly Did China Get the South China Sea Nine-Dash Line From?”, Time, 19 July 2016, http://time.com/4412191/nine-dash-line-9-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 4, 2018).
  11. Bekkevold, Jo Inge(ed.),Till, Geoffrey(ed.)(2016).International Order at Sea: How it is challenged. How it is maintained.Basingstoke (UK):Palgrave Macmillan.
  12. Henry S. Bensurto, “Cooperation in the South China Sea: Views on the Philippines-Vietnam cooperation on maritime and ocean concerns”, East Sea (South China Sea) Studies, 20 July 2011, http://nghiencuubiendong.vn/en/conferences-and-seminars-/second-international-workshop/593-593- (accessed January 5, 2018).
  13. Anthony Bergin, “China’s distant water fisheries: it’s not just about the fish”, The Strategist: The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog, 15 June 2015, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-distant-water-fisheries-its-not-just-about-the-fish/ (accessed January 5, 2018).
  14. Bewers, Michael,Pernetta, John C.(2013).Outcomes of the SCS project and their applicability to multilateral cooperative initiatives for the management of coastal seas and marine basins.Ocean & Coastal Management,85(part B),268-275.
  15. James Borton, “Using science diplomacy in the South China Sea”, The Washington Times, 15 November 2017, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/nov/15/diplomacy-topreserve-fisheries-in-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 4, 2018).
  16. James Borton and John W. McManus, “Science Offers Peace-building Mechanism in South China Sea Dispute”, Geopolitical Monitor, 5 March 2017, https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/science-offers-peace-building-mechanism-in-south-china-sea-dispute/ (accessed January 4, 2018).
  17. Jamese Borton, “South China Sea Needs Science Diplomacy Policy”, Asia Sentinel, 7 November 2017, https://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/south-china-sea-needs-science-diplomacy-policy/ (accessed January 5, 2018).
  18. Ernest Z. Bower, “The JMSU: A Tale of Bilateralism and Secrecy in the South China Sea”, Center for Strategic & International Studies Newsletter, 27 July 2010, https://www.csis.org/analysis/jmsu-tale-bilateralism-and-secrecy-southchina-sea (accessed January 6, 2018).
  19. Philip Bowring, “A sense of destiny inspires China’s maritime claims”, The Financial Times, 21 August 2014, https://www.ft.com/content/7a7f50ae-2871-11e4-9ea9-00144feabdc0 (accessed January 7, 2018).
  20. Xu Bu, “Maritime Silk Road can bridge China-ASEAN cooperation,” The Jakarta Post, 5 August 2015, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/05/maritime-silk-road-can-bridge-china-asean-cooperation.html (accessed January 5, 2018).
  21. Penghong Cai, “China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation: Process, Motivation, and Prospects”, China Institute of International Studies, 25 September 2015, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2015-09/25/content_8265850.htm (accessed January 5, 2018).
  22. Ted Campbell, “Unrestricted Warfare or Soft Power?”, Colonel Ted Campbell Blog, 22 April 2016, (accessed January 11, 2018).
  23. Casino, Eric S.,Shin, Myongsup(1999).South China Sea or ‘Asian Mediterranean Sea’ : Re-conceptualizing a common regional maritime zone.International Area Studies Review,2(1),3-18.
  24. China Central Television, “Exclusive interview with Sansha mayor Xiao Jie: Sansha building up as China’s sea border city”, 17 June 2014, http://english.cntv.cn/2014/06/17/VIDE1402946759293247.shtml (accessed January 9, 2018).
  25. The Japan Times, “ASEAN’s changing posture toward China”, 21 November 2017, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2017/11/21/editorials/aseans-changing-posture-toward-china/#.WmSNqVSWbIU (accessed January 9, 2018).
  26. China Daily, “China proposes three-step vision for COC consultation: FM”, 6 August 2017, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-08/06/content_30349915.htm (accessed January 6, 2018)
  27. China Daily, “Country conducts maritime exercise with the Philippines”, 22 October 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-10/22/content_384562.htm (accessed January 9, 2018).
  28. China Daily Mail, “China expands its ocean surveillance fleet”, 19 May 2012, https://chinadailymail.com/2012/05/19/china-expands-its-ocean-surveillance-fleet/ (accessed January 8, 2018).
  29. China Power, “How much trade transits the South China Sea?”, 2016, https://chinapower.csis.org/much-trade-transits-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 5, 2018).
  30. China-ASEAN Panorama, “Maritime Cooperation: ‘Blue Dream’ of China and ASEAN”, 10 September 2015, http://eng.caexpo.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=10021&id=200634 (accessed January 5, 2018).
  31. Joanna Chiu, “China’s Secret Weapon on Disputed Island: Beer and Badminton”, Foreign Policy, 8 March 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/08/china-woody-island-sansha-paracels-south-china-sea-dispute-secret-weapon-beer-badminton/ (accessed 9 January 2018).
  32. Grace Chua, “Science and Politics in the South China Sea”, Hakai Magazine, 10 November 2015, https://www.hakaimagazine.com/news/science-and-politics-south-china-sea/(accessed January 4, 2018).
  33. Charles Clover and Lucy Hornby, “China’s Great Game: Road to a new empire”, The Financial Times, 13 October 2015, https://www.ft.com/content/6e098274-587a-11e5-a28b-50226830d644 (accessed January 7, 2018).
  34. Pete Cobus, “Conflict and Diplomacy on the High Seas”, Voice of America, 6 January 2018 (updated), https://projects.voanews.com/south-china-sea/(accessed January 6, 2018).
  35. Copeland, Daryl(2015).Bridging the Chasm: Why science and technology must become priorities for diplomacy and international policy.Science & Diplomacy,4(3)
  36. Daryl Copeland, “Crunch the Numbers: The case for science diplomacy”, USC Center on Public Diplomacy, 20 October 2016, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/crunch-numbers-case-sciencediplomacy (accessed January 3, 2018).
  37. Copeland, Daryl(2017).It Won’t Come Easy: Seven obstacles to a science diplomacy renaissance, CGAI Policy Update.Calgary:Canadian Global Affairs Institute.
  38. Anders Corr, “China’s Take-And-Talk Strategy in The South China Sea”, Forbes, 29 March 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/anderscorr/2017/03/29/chinas-take-and-talk-strategy-in-the-south-china-sea/#5ba23d8e3216 (accessed January 9, 2018).
  39. Wendell Cox, “Asia Dominates Largest World Seaports”, New Geography, 30 August 2016, http://www.newgeography.com/content/005372-asia-dominates-largest-world-seaports (accessed January 5, 2018).
  40. Justina Crabtree, “Why disruption in the South China Sea could have ‘gigantic’ consequences for global trade”, CNBC, 19 July 2016, (accessed January 4, 2018). https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/18/why-disruption-inthe-south-china-sea-could-have-gigantic-consequences-for-globaltrade.html
  41. CSIS Expert Working Group on the South China Sea, “A Blueprint for Fisheries Management and Environmental Cooperation in the South China Sea”, Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 13 September 2017, https://amti.csis.org/coc-blueprint-fisheries-environment/ (accessed January 6, 2018).
  42. Davis, Lloyd S.(ed.)(2017).Science Diplomacy: New Day Or False Dawn?.Singapore:World Scientific.
  43. Simon Denyer, Emily Rauhala, “$5 Trillion In Commerce Flows Through South China Sea Every Year”, The Washington Post, 12 July 2016, https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/5-trillion-in-commerce-flows-through-south-china-sea-every-year-1430611 (accessed January 5, 2018).
  44. David Dickson, “Politicians and Scientists Make Uncomfortable Bedfellows”, Science and Development Network, 1 June 2009, https://scidevnet.wordpress.com/2009/06/01/748/ (accessed January 3, 2018).
  45. Lindsay Dodgson, “Resources and tensions in the South China Sea”, Offshore Technology, 1 May 2016, https://www.offshore-technology.com/features/feature-resources-andtensions-in-the-south-china-sea-4707224/ (accessed January 6, 2018).
  46. Sophie Boisseau du Rocher, “How China is Using ‘Science’ in the South China Sea to Gain Control”, The National Interest, 1 October 2015, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/how-china-using-science-the-south-china-sea-gain-control-13986 (accessed January 4, 2018).
  47. Sophie Boisseau du Rocher, “Scientific Cooperation in the South China Sea: Another lever for China”, The Strategist: The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog, 1 October 2015, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/scientific-cooperation-in-the-south-chinasea-another-lever-for-china/ (accessed January 3, 2018).
  48. du Rocher, Sophie Boisseau(2016).Scientific Cooperation in the South China Sea: A new vector for China’s security diplomacy in Southeast Asia?.Asie Visions,82,2-3+6+8+13+15+17-18+20-23.
  49. Peter Dutton, Viribus Mari Victoria? Power and Law in the South China Sea, conference paper, CSIS Conference “Managing Tensions in the South China Sea”, Washington (DC) 5-6 June 2013, https://southeastasiansea.wordpress.com/2013/12/22/viribus-mari-victoria-power-and-law-in-the-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 7, 2018).
  50. Andrew S. Erickson, “Understanding China’s Third Sea Force: The Maritime Militia”, Harvard Fairbank Center Blog, 8 September 2017, http://www.andrewerickson.com/2017/09/understanding-chinas-third-sea-force-the-maritime-militia/ (accessed January 10, 2018).
  51. Nina Federoff, “21st Century Science Diplomacy”, Public Diplomacy Magazine, 16 January 2010, http://www.publicdiplomacymagazine.com/21st-century-sciencediplomacy/(accessed January 2, 2018).
  52. Fels, Enrico(ed.),Vu, Truong-Mihn(ed.)(2016).Power Politics in Asia’s Contested Waters.Cham (CH):Springer.
  53. Emily Feng, “China focuses on deep-sea mining to fuel rare metals ‘gold rush’”, Financial Times, 21 August 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/be749ecc-3eb2-11e7-9d56-25f963e998b2 (accessed January 6, 2018).
  54. Flink, Tim,Schreiterer, Ulrich(2010).Science Diplomacy at the Intersection of S&T Policies and Foreign Affairs: Toward a typology of national approaches.Science and Public Policy,37(9),665-677.
  55. Friedman, George,Snyder, Xander,Ligon, Cheyenne(2017).Chinese Military Installations in the South China Sea.Geopolitical Futures,1-6.
  56. Franz-Stefan Gady, “China Coast Guard’s New ‘Monster’ Ship Completes Maiden Patrol in South China Sea”, The Diplomat, 8 May 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/china-coast-guards-new-monster-ship-completes-maiden-patrol-in-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 10, 2018).
  57. Gamble, Jos(2003).Shanghai in Transition: Changing Perspectives and Social Contours of a Chinese Metropolis.London:Routledge.
  58. Paul S. Giarra, “The Folly of UNCLOS”, The Diplomat, 28 May 2012, https://thediplomat.com/2012/05/the-folly-of-unclos/ (accessed January 4, 2012).
  59. Bonnie Glaser, “China’s Maritime Rights Protection Leading Small Group - Shrouded in Secrecy”, Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 11 September 2015, https://amti.csis.org/chinas-maritime-rights-protection-leading-small-group-shrouded-in-secrecy/ (accessed January 8, 2018).
  60. Bonnie Glaser, “On The Defensive? China Explains Purposes of Land Reclamation in the South China Sea”, Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 20 April 2015, https://amti.csis.org/on-the-defensive-china-explains-purposes-of-land-reclamation-in-the-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 8, 2018).
  61. Glaser, Bonnie(2014).Bonnie Glaser, “China’s Grand Strategy in Asia”, Statement before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Washington DC, 13 March 2014, 8-9..
  62. Bonnie Glaser, “China’s Maritime Actors: Coordinated and Directed from the Top”, Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 14 January 2015, https://amti.csis.org/chinas-maritime-actors-coordinated-and-directed-from-the-top/ (accessed January 8, 2018),
  63. Glaser, Bonnie S.,Pal, Deep(2014).Is China’s Charm Offensive dead?.The Jamestown Foundation China Brief,14(15)
  64. Global Times, “Chinese research vessel takes foreign trainees on expedition”, 27 June 2017, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1053664.shtml (accessed January 5, 2018).
  65. Adam Greer, “The South China Sea Is Really a Fishery Dispute”, The Diplomat, 20 July 2016, https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/the-south-china-sea-is-really-a-fishery-dispute/(accessed January 6, 2018).
  66. Gries, Peter Hays(2005).New Nationalism: Pride, politics, and diplomacy.Oakland (CA):University of California Press.
  67. Min Hai and Aizhu Zhang, “Cooperation in the South China Sea Under International Law”, China Institute of International Studies, 19 March 2014, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-03/19/content_6756309.htm(accessed January 6, 2018).
  68. David P. Hajjar, “Want to ease tensions in the Middle East? Science diplomacy can help”, Brookings, 27 June 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/06/27/want-to-easetensions-in-the-middle-east-science-diplomacy-can-help/ (accessed January 2, 2018).
  69. Hale, Austin,Hoffman, Frank G.(2016).Implications of Emerging Chinese Surveillance and Strike Complexes.Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes
  70. Hayton, Bill(2015).Developments in the South China Sea: Perspectives on the Philippines, Malaysia, and beyond.Examining the South China Sea Disputes: Papers from the Fifth Annual CSIS South China Sea Conference,Washington (DC):
  71. Hayton, Bill(2014).The South China Sea, the Struggle for Power in Asia.New Haven (CT):Yale University Press.
  72. Bill Hayton, “Is China Getting Better at Charming Southeast Asia on the South China Sea?”, The Diplomat, 17 November 2016, https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/is-china-getting-better-at-charmingsoutheast-asia-on-the-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 5, 2018).
  73. Richard Javad Heydarian, “Perils of Joint Development Agreement in South China Sea”, China-US Focus, 9 August 2017, https://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/perils-of-joint-development-agreement-in-south-china-sea (accessed January 7, 2018).
  74. John P. Holdren, “How International Cooperation in Research Advances Both Science and Diplomacy”, Scientific American - Guest Blog, 27 April 2017, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/how-internationalcooperation-in-research-advances-both-science-and-diplomacy/ (accessed January 2, 2018).
  75. Edwina Hollander, “How Does Science Diplomacy Cope with Challenges Facing Diplomacy More Broadly?”, E-International Relations, 30 August 2015, http://www.e-ir.info/2015/08/30/how-does-science-diplomacy-copewith-challenges-facing-diplomacy-more-broadly/ (accessed January 2, 2018).
  76. Indian Express, “Chinese submersible discovers polymetallic nodules in South China Sea”, 6 May 2017, http://indianexpress.com/article/world/chinese-submersible-discovers-polymetallic-nodules-in-scs-4643225/ (accessed January 5, 2018).
  77. International Crisis Group(2016).Crisis Group Asia ReportCrisis Group Asia Report,Beijing:International Crisis Group.
  78. Jacobson, Linda(2014).,Sydney:Lowy institute for International Policy.
  79. Japan Times, “China revises mapping law to bolster claims over South China Sea land, Taiwan”, 28 April 2018, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/04/28/asia-pacific/china-revises-mapping-law-bolster-claims-south-china-sea-land-taiwan/#.WmRZVFSWbIU (accessed January 9, 2018).
  80. Jenner, C. J.(ed.),Tran, Truong Thuy(ed.)(2016).The South China Sea: A crucible of regional cooperation or conflict-making sovereignty claims?.New York:Cambridge University Press.
  81. Ralph Jennings, “China: We Explore the Deep Seas Only for Science”, Voice of America, 15 July 2017, https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/china-says-it-explores-the-deep-seas-only-for-science/3938091.html (accessed January 4, 2018).
  82. Ralph Jennings, “Cooperation in Disputed Asian Sea Fails Despite 2 Decades of Discussion”, Voice of America, 6 September 2017, https://www.voanews.com/a/disputed-asian-sea-fails-despite-two-decades-of-discussion/4017067.html (accessed January 6, 2018).
  83. Ralph Jennings, “China Says South China Sea Research is for Science, Not Sovereignty”, Voice of America, 7 July 2017, https://www.voanews.com/a/china-says-south-china-sea-research-for-science-not-sovereignty/3932515.html (accessed January 5, 2018).
  84. Ralph Jennings, “China Says South China Sea Research is for Science, Not Sovereignty”, Voice of America, 7 July 2017, https://www.voanews.com/a/china-says-south-china-sea-research-for-science-not-sovereignty/3932515.html (accessed January 5, 2018).
  85. Ralph Jennings, “Beijing Takes Pivotal Technology Lead in South China Sea”, Voice of America, 11 January 2017, https://www.voanews.com/a/beijing-takes-pivotal-technology-lead-in-contested-south-china-sea/3671648.html (accessed January 7, 2018).
  86. Li Jing, “Chinese official rings alarm bells about ecological threats to South China Sea”, South China Morning Post, 23 May 2016, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/1951491/chinese-official-rings-alarm-bells-about-ecological-threats-south (accessed January 6, 2018).
  87. Ian Johnson, “Xi Jinping and China’s New Era of Glory”, The New York Times, 13 October 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/sunday-review/xi-jinping-china.html (accessed January 8, 2018)
  88. Joshi, Manoj(2016).ORF Occasional PaperORF Occasional Paper,New Delhi:Observer Research Foundation.
  89. Kao, Shih-Ming,Pearre, Nathaniel Sifford,Firestone, Jeremy(2012).Regional Cooperation in the South China Sea: Analysis of Existing Practices and Prospects.Ocean Development & International Law,43(3),283-295.
  90. Robert D. Kaplan, “The South China Sea will be the battleground of the future”, Business Insider, 6 February 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/why-the-south-china-sea-is-so-crucial-2015-2 (accessed January 5, 2018).
  91. article-details&page Gamini Keerawella, “Symbiosis between science and diplomacy in changing paradigm in international affairs”, The Island, 18 October 2016, http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=153976 (accessed January 4, 2018). article-details&code_title
  92. Taimoor Khan, “China playing a clever game in South China Sea”, ValueWalk, 5 October 2015, http://www.valuewalk.com/2015/10/china-playing-a-clever-game-in-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 7, 2018).
  93. Debra Killalea, “South China Sea: Underwater ‘observation station’ planned by Beijing”, News.com.au, 1 June 2017, http://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/south-china-sea-underwater-observation-station-planned-by-beijing/newsstory/97c5bc51015df6e933756b17896c6e14 (accessed January 8, 2018).
  94. Johnny Langenheim, “Preventing Ecocide in South China Sea”, The Guardian, 15 July 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/the-coral-triangle/2015/jul/15/preventing-ecocide-in-south-china-sea (accessed January 6, 2018).
  95. Lee, Lai-to(2001).China’s Relations with ASEAN: Partners in the 21st Century?.Pacifica Review,13(1),65.
  96. Lee YingHui, “A South China Sea Code of Conduct: Is Real Progress Possible?”, The Diplomat, 18 November 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/a-south-china-sea-code-of-conduct-is-real-progress-possible/ (accessed January 4, 2018).
  97. Leutert, Wendy,McArdle, Jennifer,Gerbin, Sachi(2013).South China Sea: From Technical Cooperation to Mutual Trust?.Issues & Insights,14(6),25-31.
  98. Keqiang Li, “China-ASEAN ties a force for regional development”, Jakarta Post, 11 November 2014, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/11/china-asean-ties-a-forceregional-development.html (accessed January 4, 2018).
  99. Liang, Qiao,Wang, Xiangsui(2006).La guerre Hors Limite.Paris:Rivages Poche/Petite Bibliothèque.
  100. Jasmina Lijesevic, “Science Diplomacy at the heart of international relations”, E-International Relations, http://www.e-ir.info/2010/04/01/science-diplomacy-at-the-heart-of-international-relations/ 1 April 2010, (accessed January 3, 2018).
  101. Jeffrey Marlow, “The Promise and Pitfalls of Science Diplomacy”, Wired, 12 November 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/12/the-promise-andpitfalls-of-science-diplomacy/ (accessed January 3, 2018)
  102. Martinson, Ryan D.(2016).The 13th Five-Year Plan: A New Chapter in China’s Maritime Transformation.The Jamestown Foundation China Brief,16(1)
  103. Ryan D. Martinson, “Maritime Strategy With Chinese Characteristics? A closer look at the lexicon of China’s seaward expansion”, The Diplomat, 25 March 2016, https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/maritime-strategy-with-chinese-characteristics/ (accessed January 8, 2018).
  104. McDevitt, Michael(ed.)(2016).Becoming a Great ‘Maritime Power’: A Chinese Dream.Arlington (VA):CNA.
  105. Robin Mills, “Disputed claims in the South China Sea slow oil and gas exploration”, The National, 6 August 2017, https://www.thenational.ae/business/disputed-claims-in-the-south-chinasea-slow-oil-and-gas-exploration-1.617355 (accessed January 5, 2018).
  106. Manuel Mogato, “China backs joint energy development with Philippines in disputed sea,” Reuters, 25 July 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-china/china-backs-joint-energy-development-with-philippines-in-disputed-sea-idUSKBN1AA10L (accessed January 6, 2018).
  107. Mu, Zhilin,Bu, Shuchun,Xue, Bing(2014).Environmental Legislation in China: Achievements, Challenges and Trends.Sustainability,6,8982.
  108. Muller-Kraenner, Sascha(2008).Energy Security.New York:Earthscan.
  109. Natarajan, Kalathmika(2014).Digital Public Diplomacy and a Strategic Narrative for India.Strategic Analysis,38(1),96-97.
  110. Teddy Ng, “Protecting Chinese sovereignty in South China Sea is 'unshakable', Li tells economic forum”, South China Morning Post, 10 April 2014, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1474003/protecting-chinese-sovereignty-south-china-sea-unshakable-li-tells (accessed January 8, 2018).
  111. Thai Giang Nguyen and Quang Chau Tran, “China's 2017 fishing ban a threat to maritime rule-based order”, East Sea (South China Sea) Studies, 13 April 2017, http://nghiencuubiendong.vn/en/publications/vietnamesepublications/1786-chinas-2017-fishing-ban-a-threat-to-maritime-rulebased-order (accessed January 6, 2018).
  112. Nichols, Rodney W.(2015).Hardly Academic: Why diplomacy and science need each other.Foreign Affairs
  113. Ocean Drilling Program, “New Member of ODP: China joins International Ocean Drilling Program”, 1 May 1998, http://www-odp.tamu.edu/public/pressrel_html/china.html (accessed January 5, 2018).
  114. Michelle Ong, “PH-China mechanism on sea dispute to meet for first time this week”, ABS-CBN News, 15 May 2017, http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/14/17/ph-china-mechanism-on-seadispute-to-meet-for-first-time-this-week (accessed January 6, 2018).
  115. O'Rourke, Ronald(2017).CRS ReportCRS Report,Washington (DC):Congressional Research Service.
  116. Pacific News Center, “‘Jiaolong’ Makes 6th and Final Dive Into Marianas Trench Sunday, Now Headed Home”, http://pacificnewscenter.com/qjiaolongq-makes-6th-and-final-dive-intomarianas-trench-sunday-now-headed-home/ (accessed January 5, 2018).
  117. Prashanth Parameswaran, “China’s Plan For ASEAN-China Maritime Cooperation,” The Diplomat, 1 April 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/chinas-plan-for-asean-china-maritime-cooperation/(accessed January 5, 2018).
  118. Parameswaran, Prashanth(2016).ASEAN’s Divided Approach to China’s Rise.The Asan Forum,6(6)
  119. Peng, Jingchao,Wegge, Njord(2014).China and the Law of the Sea: Implications for Arctic governance.The Polar Journal,4(2),287-305.
  120. Peron-Doise, Marianne(2017).IRSEM Research PaperIRSEM Research Paper,Paris:Institut de Recherche Stratégique de l'École Militaire.
  121. William Pesek, “Making Sense Of The South China Sea Dispute”, Forbes, 22 August 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/outofasia/2017/08/22/making-sense-of-the-south-china-sea-dispute/#67453a811c3b (accessed January 4, 2018).
  122. Pradt, Tilman(2016).China’s New Foreign Policy: Military Modernisation, Multilateralism and the ‘China Threat’.Basingstoke (UK):Palgrave Macmillan.
  123. Qiu, Jane(2017).South China Sea: the gateway to China's deep-sea ambitions.National Science Review,4(4),660-661.
  124. Navin Rajagobal, “The 2009 claims that changed the dynamics in the South China Sea”, The Strait Times, 12 July 2016, http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/the-2009-claims-that-changed-dynamics-in-the-s-china-sea (accessed January 4, 2018).
  125. Ely Ratner, “Learning the Lessons of Scarborough Reef”, The National interest, 21 November 2013, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/learning-the-lessons-scarborough-reef-9442 (accessed January 4, 2018)
  126. Michael Richardson, “China raises undersea ante”, The Japan Times, 13 July 2011, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2011/07/13/commentary/chinaraises-undersea-ante/#.WluJalSWbIU (accessed January 5, 2018).
  127. Sam Robinson and Simone Turchetti, “When Science Diplomacy Divides: Case studies and interpretive frameworks”, call for papers, European Society for the History of Science, 1 December 2017, http://www.eshs.org/When-Science-Diplomacy-Divides.html (accessed January 3, 2018).
  128. Jose Elías Rodríguez, “Repsol says drilling suspended on Vietnam oil block disputed by China”, Reuters, 2 August 2017, http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/r-repsol-says-drilling-suspended-on-vietnam-oil-block-disputed-by-china-2017-8-1002227217 (accessed January 5, 2018).
  129. Ruffini, Pierre-Bruno(2017).Science and Diplomacy: Science, technology and innovation studies.Cham (ZG):Springer International Publishing.
  130. John Ruwitch, Nguyen Phuong Linh, “Chinese oil rig moved away from disputed waters off Vietnam”, Reuters, 16 Jule 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-vietnam-rig/chinese-oil-rigmoved-away-from-disputed-waters-off-vietnamidUSKBN0FL00Y20140716 (accessed January 4, 2018).
  131. Gary Sands , “Hanoi Protests China’s Fishing Ban”, Foreign Policy Association, 10 May 2017, https://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2017/05/10/hanoi-protests-chinas-fishing-ban/ (accessed January 6, 2018).
  132. Rodolfo C. Severino, “Cooperation for regional security and development in the South China Sea”, East Sea (South China Sea) Studies, 21 July 2011, http://southchinaseastudies.org/en/conferences-and-seminars-/secondinternational-workshop/596-cooperation-for-regional-security-and-development-in-the-south-china-sea-by-rodolfo-c-severino (accessed January 7, 2018).
  133. Abhijit Singh, “Why the South China Sea is on the Verge of an Environmental Disaster”, The National Interest, 13 August 2016, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/why-the-south-china-sea-the-verge-environmental-disaster-17348 (accessed January 6, 2018).
  134. Song, Yann-huei(2013).The Declaration on the Conduct of Parties and a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea: Recent actions taken by ASEAN.Northeast Asian Perspectives on International Law: Contemporary Issues and Challenges,Leiden:
  135. Song, Yann-huei(ed.),Zou, Keyuan(ed.)(2014).Major Law and Policy Issues in the South China Sea.Farnham (UK):Ashgate.
  136. Sorkhabi, Rasoul(2013).The South China Sea Enigma.GeoExPro,10(1),5-10.
  137. Southerland, Matthew(2016).China’s Island Building in the South China Sea: Damage to the Marine Environment, Implications, and International Law.Washington (DC):U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
  138. Spangler, Jonathan(ed.),Karalekas, Dean(ed.),de Souza, Moises Lopes(ed.)(2017).Science Diplomacy and Enterprises, Localities, People, and Policy in the South China Sea: Beneath the Surface.Basingstoke (UK):Palgrave Macmillan.
  139. Storey, Ian(2015).ASEAN’s Failing Grade in the South China Sea.The Asan Forum
  140. Storey, Ian(ed.),Lin, Cheng-Yi(ed.)(2016).The South China Sea Dispute: Navigating Dipomatic and Strategic Tensions.Singapore:ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute.
  141. Stratfor, “In the Asia-Pacific, China Plays Nice Because It Can”, 26 november 2016, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/asia-pacific-china-plays-nice-because-it-can (accessed January 8, 2018).
  142. Stratfor, “South China Sea: Trilateral Exploration and Territorial Claims”, 15 March 2005, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/south-china-sea-trilateral-exploration-and-territorial-claims (accessed january 8, 2018).
  143. Stratfor, “China, Philippines: Cooperating for Oil - for Now” 3 September 2004, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/china-philippines-cooperating-oil-now (accessed January 8, 2018).
  144. Hao Su and Yuan-zhe Ren, “Making the rocks of dispute drown in the sea of cooperation: the role of the south china sea in the process of east Asian cooperation”, East Sea (South China Sea) Studies, 15 July 2011, http://southchinaseastudies.org/en/conferences-and-seminars-/second-international-workshop/549-making-the-rocks-of-dispute-drown-in-the-sea-of-cooperation-the-role-of-the-south-china-sea-in-the-process-of-east-asian-cooperation-by-su-hao-a-ren-yuan-zhe (accessed January 7, 2018).
  145. Sun, Caizhi(2017).Chinese marine economy development: Dynamic evolution and spatial difference.Chinese Geographical Science,28(181),111-126.
  146. Takeda, Jun’ichi(2014).China’s Rise as a Maritime Power Ocean Policy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping.Review of Island Studies
  147. TASS: Russian News Agency, “Joint development can settle territorial dispute in South China Sea - China PM”, 13 November 2014, http://tass.ru/en/world/759502 (accessed January 7, 2018).
  148. The Japan Times, “China says carrier testing weapons, engaged in ‘scientific research’ in South China Sea”, 5 January 2017, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/01/05/asia-pacific/china-says-carrier-testing-weapons-engaged-scientific-research-south-china-sea/#.Wl6MaFSWbIU (accessed January 9, 2018).
  149. The Royal Society(2010).New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy: Navigating the changing balance of power.London:The Royal Society.
  150. The Strait Times, “China to build two ocean research ships”, 5 May 2017, http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-to-build-two-ocean-research-ships (accessed January 5, 2018).
  151. The Sun Daily, “Malaysia, China strengthen ‘soft diplomacy’ with marine programme collaboration”, 16 December 2017, http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/12/16/malaysia-china-strengthen-soft-diplomacy-marine-programme-collaboration (accessed January 9, 2018).
  152. Tien, Hung-mao(ed.),Cheng, Tun-jen(ed.)(2000).The Security Environment in the Asia-Pacific.Armonk (NY):M.E. Sharp.
  153. Tollefson, Jeff(2014).China plunges into ocean research.Nature
  154. Tsering, Dolma(2017).China Deep-Sea Exploration: Intention and Concerns.Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India,13(1),91-98.
  155. Ted Tuvera, “Chinese presence at Benham Rise purely scientific study -Roque”, The Daily Tribune, 19 January 2018, http://www.tribune.net.ph/nation/chinese-presence-at-benham-rise-purely-scientific-study-roque (accessed January 19, 2018).
  156. Umbach, Frank(2017).RSIS CommentaryRSIS Commentary,Singapore:Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
  157. USC Center on Public Diplomacy, “Q&A with CPD: Joseph S. Nye, Jr.”, 18 April 2017, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/story/qa-cpd-joseph-s-nye-jr (accessed January 2, 2018).
  158. Mark J. Valencia, “An Environmental Protection Area in the South China Sea? Not Likely”, The Diplomat, June 16, 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/an-environmental-protection-area-in-the-south-china-sea-not-likely/ (accessed January 6, 2018).
  159. Van Langenhove, Luk(2016).Science Diplomacy: New Global Challenges, New Trend.RSIS Commentary,082,1-4.
  160. Van Langenhove, Luk(2016).Global Science Diplomacy for Multilateralism 2.0.Science & Diplomacy,5(3)
  161. Michael Vatikiotis, “Why China’s Slick Strategy to Dominate the South China Sea Is Working”, The National Interest, 24 May 2017, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/why-chinas-slick-strategy-dominate-the-south-china-sea-20813 (accessed January 9, 2018).
  162. Zach Vaughn, “Geopolitics in the South China Sea”, Framing the Global - Indiana University Bloomington, 29 August 2016, http://framing.indiana.edu/2016/08/29/geopolitics-in-the-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 4, 2018).
  163. Venzon, Cliff(2017).China, ASEAN still far from South China Sea code of conduct.Nikkei Asian Review
  164. Reinhilde Veugelers, “China is the world’s new science and technology powerhouse”, Bruegel, 30 August 2017, http://bruegel.org/2017/08/china-is-the-worlds-new-science-and-technology-powerhouse/ (accessed January5, 2018).
  165. Vietnam.net, “Vietnam and the marine strategy”, 27 October 2015, http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/144832/vietnam-and-the-marine-strategy.html (accessed January 5, 2018).
  166. Voice of America, “China’s Aircraft Carrier Returns from South China Sea Mission”, https://www.voanews.com/a/chinas-aircraft-carrier-returns-from-south-china-sea-mission/1821887.html (accessed January 8, 2018).
  167. Wilson Vordnick, “Terriclaims: The New Geopolitical Reality in the South China Sea”, Asian Maritime Transparency Initiative, 8 April 2015, https://amti.csis.org/terriclaims-the-new-geopolitical-reality-in-the-south-china-sea/ (accessed January 8, 2018).
  168. Truong-Minh Vu and James Borton, “Science Diplomacy a Crucible for South China Sea Disputes”, Geopolitical Monitor, 19 July 2015, https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/science-diplomacy-a-crucible-for-south-china-sea-disputes/ (accessed January 4, 2018).
  169. Walker, Karen(2015).The Rhetorical Work of Science Diplomacy: Border crossing and propheteering for U.S.-Muslim engagement.Poroi: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Rhetorical Analysis & Invention,11(2),6.
  170. Zheng Wang, “China and UNCLOS: An Inconvenient History”, The Diplomat, 11 July 2016, https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/china-and-unclos-an-inconvenient-history/ (accessed January 5, 2018).
  171. Hilary Whiteman, “How an oil rig sparked anti-China riots in Vietnam”, CNN, 19 May 2014, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/19/world/asia/chinavietnam-islands-oil-rig-explainer/index.html (accessed January 4, 2018).
  172. Audra J. Wolfe, “Science diplomacy works, but only when it's genuine”, The Guardian, 23 August 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/science/politicalscience/2013/aug/23/obama-science-foreign-policy (accessed January 3, 2018).
  173. Todd Woody, “Seabed Mining: The 30 People Who Could Decide the Fate of the Deep Ocean”, News Deeply, 6 September 2017, https://www.newsdeeply.com/oceans/articles/2017/09/06/seabed-mining-the-24-people-who-could-decide-the-fate-of-the-deep-ocean (accessed January 6, 2018).
  174. Wu,Xiaoyan(2014).China’s ‘Sea Power Nation’ Strategy, Asia Paper.Stockholm:Institute for Security and Development Policy.
  175. Xinhua, “China, ASEAN to formulate strategic partnership vision toward 2030”, 13 November 2017, http://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2017/11/13/content_281475941252726.htm (accessed January 5, 2018).
  176. Xinhua News Agency, “Pledge for Joint S. China Sea Exploitation Repeated”, 20 July 2005, http://german.china.org.cn/english/BAT/135436.htm (accessed January 8, 2018).
  177. Xue, Guifang (Julia)(2005).Bilateral Fisheries Agreements for the Cooperative Management of the Shared Resources of the China Seas: A Note.Ocean Development & International Law,36(4),363-374.
  178. Yamaguchi, Shinji(2016).Strategies of China’s Maritime Actors in the South China Sea: A Coordinated plan under the leadership of Xi Jinping?.China Perspectives,2016(3),23-31.
  179. Mingjie Yang, “Sailing on a Harmonious Sea: A Chinese Perspective”, US-China Focus, 26 May 2011 https://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/sailing-on-a-harmonious-sea-a-chinese-perspective (accessed January 8, 2018).
  180. Zanardi, Claude(2016).China’s soft power with Chinese characteristics: the cases of Confucius Institutes and Chinese naval diplomacy.Journal of Political Power,9(3),436.
  181. Tao Zhang, “Institute denies military-oriented work in S.China Sea”, Global Times, 4 January 2018, http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-01/04/content_7894535.htm (accessed January 4, 2018).
  182. Suisheng Zhao, “Hu Jintao’s Foreign Policy Legacy”, E-International Relations, 8 December 2012, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/12/08/hu-jintaos-foreign-policy-legacy/(accessed January 8, 2018).
  183. Laura Zhou, “What is the South China Sea code of conduct, and why does it matter?”, CNBC, 3 August 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/03/what-is-the-south-china-sea-code-of-conduct-and-why-does-it-matter.html (accessed January 4, 2018).
  184. Zhou, Weifeng(2015).,Madrid:Elcano Royal Institute.
  185. Zou, Keyuan(2015).Managing Biodiversity Conservation in the Disputed Maritime Areas: The Case of the South China Sea.Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy,18(2),100.
print cancel