中文摘要
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日本漢字音系統除吳音、漢音,還有「唐音」一種,由於它在西元1000年以後傳入日本,在日語使用上,比吳音、漢音來得偏狹。一般對唐音的研究,習慣以11至14世紀主要從浙江南部方言傳入的稱之為「中世唐音」,而15至18世紀經由杭州音、南京官話音,及少數北京官話音傳入的稱為「近世唐音」。近世唐音的研究材料,主要是黃檗宗課誦經典的讀音,曹洞宗所傳清規和琴譜(明樂)的誦讀音,以及長崎唐通事使用的各種學習唐話的音注教材。後者以岡島冠山編輯的《唐話纂要》、《唐話便用》、《唐譯便覽》、《唐音雅俗語類》等書保存最豐富的唐音材料。本文選用的《唐詩選唐音》一書,相傳為18世紀唐通事劉道其人標注唐音的唐話教材。本文討論取材《唐詩選唐音》一書的牙音聲母,即舌根塞音與鼻音「見、溪、群、疑」共1,022字做觀察。利用這些字在《唐詩選唐音》標示的唐音片假名做討論,歸納牙音聲母的近世唐音如何讀法。如果以該書實際標音來看,見系1,022字多數以片假名カ[k]行「カ、キ、ク、ケ、コ」作對應,但也出現少數如「ヤ、ヨ、イ、ウ、エ、ワ、ヱ、ニ」等的對應音。為了落實研究客觀性,本文討論時將取同為近世唐音材料的岡島冠山重要著作,以及釋文雄《磨光韻鏡》標示的華音作對照觀察。此外也將選取部分黃檗宗系唐音資料,以及吳音(成書於1117-1182之間的觀智院本《類聚名義抄》)、漢音(成書於1134的長承本《蒙求》)資料作比較觀察。將《唐詩選唐音》一書標示的近世唐音系統早日得到研究結果,是本系列研究的目標,也寄望本研究的結果對近世唐音的內容描述,可以提供基礎的貢獻。
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英文摘要
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Apart from Ggoon and Kanon, "Touon" is another way of reading Japanese kanji. Since Touon was introduced into Japan in Heian-Jidai(平安時代, after 1000 A.D.), comparing with Ggoon and Kanon, its usage was more limited. Touon can be further classified as "Touon inMiddle Ages (originated from southern Zehjiang in 11^(th)-14^(th) centuries)" and "Touon in Modern Age (mainly originated from the dialect in Hangzhou, Nanjing Mandarin, and some from Beijing Mandarin in 15^(th)-18^(th) centuries)".The main research materials of Touon in Modern Age include pronunciation gathering in scriptures of Huang-Po School (黃檗宗),regulations and musical sheets of Sōtō School (曹洞宗), and the textbook of Tou-tsuuji (唐通事) in Nagasaki. This study uses "Tang Poetry Anthology and Touon", which is a textbook of learning Tang-Hua that might be annotated by Tou-tsuuji Liu Dao in the 18^(th) century, as the main research material. This study compared 1,022 characters from Tang Poetry Anthology and Touon to discuss velar consonants, including velar stop and nasal consonant. The correspondence between those characters and Katakana notation devotes to understand how to pronounce the velar consonant in Touon in Modern Age. For instance, most of the Jian-series (見系)tend to be annotated with Katakana カ, キ, ク, ケ and コ; however, some of the characters were annotated with ヤ, ヨ, イ, ウ, エ, ワ, ヱand ニ. Furthermore, this study parallely selects some important literary annotation works of Okazima Kanzan (岡島冠山). In addition, some materials of Touon, Ggoon or Kanon were also investigated in the study. In sum, the results will help us to build the basic description of our overall understanding of Touon in Modern Age.
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