專案協同合作之代理人補償式策略協商模式

Project Coordination: An Agent-Based Compensatory Strategic Negotiation Model

10.6188/JEB.2006.8(3).06

陳以明(Yee-Ming Chen)；王世昌(Shih-Chang Wang)

多重代理人系統 ； 專案協同合作 ； 策略協商模式 ； Multi-Agent Systems ； project coordination ； strategic negotiation ； model

電子商務學報

8卷3期（2006 / 09 / 01）

415 - 445

繁體中文

本文提出以代理人為基礎的補償式策略協商模式(strategic negotiation model)，以解決分散式專案於執行階段，常因不確定因素的發生所產生作業延誤的時程衝突問題。模式主要由代理人效用函數、協商策略及協商協定(protocol)所組成。其中，自利(self-interested)的作業代理人代表專案成員所負責執行的作業任務，能以專案成員個別的利益及偏好考量，在分散式的運作架構、惰時策略及補償方式的運作機制下，任何執行中的作業因突發狀況預期會產生時程延誤問題前，該工作代理人能即在效用函數及協商策略的運作下，透過協商協定的互動機制，與後續作業時程可能受影響的作業代理人協商偏好補償金的償付，以補償其採取配合時程調整行動所造成的損失。在分散式專案執行階段，各作業因突發狀況產生作業延誤的時程衝突問題，即能在即時、動態的補償式策略協商模式運作下，達到符合各專案成員利益的平衡點。最後，本文以一案例探討在補償式策略協商模式中，代理人如何協同合作解決時程衝突的補償金協商過程。

In this paper, we propose an agent-based compensatory strategic-negotiation model to solve schedule conflicts for a distributed project while encountering delays during project execution phase. The model comprises agent utility function, negotiation strategy and negotiation protocol. In the model, there are many self-interested activity agents, each of them on behalf of one project participant's activity in a distributed project that can coordinate and co operate with other agents to act under its owner's benefits and preferences. If any events of schedule change will occur while encountering uncertainties during an activity execution stage. the activity agent associated with the activity can perceive in advance and open compensatory negotiation for schedule adjustments with other activity agents whose schedules will be affected by the delay, making satisfied payments to compensate their loss under utility functions and negotiation strategies that these activity agents possess respectively. Through the negotiation protocol in this model, these agents can interact without a hitch in negotiation. At the end, a scenario of compensatory negotiation in a distributed project is addressed to elaborate on the process of the negotiation.

1. Al-Hammad,A.-M.(2000).Common interface problems among various construction patties.Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,14(2),71-74.
2. Chun, H. W.,Y. M. Wong(2003).N*--an agent-based negotiation algorithm for dynamic scheduling and rescheduling.Advanced Engineering Informatics,17(1),1-22.
3. Durfee, E. H.,V. R. Lesser,D. D. Corkill(1989).Trends in cooperative distributed problem solving.IEEE Transaction on Knowledge and Data Engineering,1(1),63-83.
4. Ferber, J.(1999).Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence
5. Fondahl, J. W.(1992).The development of the construction engineer: past progress and future problems.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,117(3),380-392.
6. Hegazy, T.(2002).Computer-based construction project management.Upper Saddle River
7. Hinze, J.,A. Tracey(1994).The contractor-subcontractor relationship: the subcontractors view.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,120(2),274-287.
8. Huhns, M. N.,L. M. Stephens,G. Weiss,Cambridge, MA(1999).Multiagent systems and societies of agents.Multiagent systems: a modern approach to distributed artificial intelligence,79-120.
9. Jennings, N. R.,K. Sycara,M. Wooldridge(1998).A roadmap of agent research and development.Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems,1(1),7-38.
10. Jungen, F. J.,W. Kowalczyk(1995).An intelligent interactive project management support system.European Journal of Operational Research,84(1),60-81.
11. Kim, K.(2001).Distributed coordination of project schedule changes: an agent-based compensatory negotiation approach.CIFE Technical Report No.130
12. Kim, K.,B. Paulson.,R. Levitt.,M. A. Fischer,C. Petrie(2003).Distributed coordination of project schedule changes using agent-based compensatory negotiation methodology.Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing,17(2),115-131.
13. Kraus, S.(2001).Strategic negotiation in multiagent environments.Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press.
14. Luo, X.,N. R. Jennings,N. Shadbolt,H.-F. Leung,J. H.-M. Lee(2003).A fuzzy constraint based model for bilateral, multi-issue negotiations in semi-competitive environments.Artificial Intelligence,148(1-2),53-102.
15. Nicholas, J. M.(2001).Project management for business and technology.Upper Saddle River
16. Nwana, H. S.,L. C. Lee,N. R. Jennings(1996).Coordination in software agent systems.The British Telecom Technical Journal,14(4),79-88.
17. O`Brien, W.,M. A. Fischer,J. V. Jucker(1995).An economic view of project coordination.Construction Management and Economics,13(5),393-400.
18. Oberlender, G. D.(1993).Project management far engineering and construction
19. Oliver, J. R.(1996).A machine-learning approach to automated negotiation and prospects for electronic commerce.Journal of Management Information Systems,13(3),83-112.
20. Raiffa, H.(1982).The art and science of negotiation
21. Russell, S.,P. Norvig(2003).Artificial intelligence: a modern approach.Upper Saddle Rivet
22. Sen. S.,E. H. Durfee(1998).A formal study of distributed meeting scheduling group decision and negotiation.Group Decision and Negotiation Support System,7(3),265-289.
23. Tserng, H. P.,W. Y. Lin(2003).Developing an electronic acquisition model for project scheduling using XML-based information standard.Automation in Construction,12(1),67-95.
24. Ulusoy, U.,L. Ozdamar(1996).A framework for an interactive project scheduling system tern under limited resources.European Journal of Operational Research,90(2),362-375.
25. Wooldridge. M.,N. R. Jennings(1995).Intelligent agents: theory and practice.The Knowledge Engineering Review,10(2),115-152.
26. Yan, Y,T. Kuphal,J. Bode(2000).Application of multiagent systems in project management.International Journal of Production Economics,68(2),185-197.
27. Yen, B. P.-C.(2002).Communication infrastructure in distributed scheduling.Computers & Industrial Engineering,42(2),149-161.
28. Zambonelli, F.,N. R. Jennings,A. Omicini,M. Wooldridge,Klusch, M.,Tolksdorf, R.(2000).Agent-oriented software engineering for Internet applications.Coordination of internet agents: models, technologies and applications,326-346.
29. Zeng, D.,K. Sycara,Mueller, J.,Wooldridge, M.,Jennings, N. R.(1997).How can an agent learn to negotiate?.Intelligent Agents Ⅲ. Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages