APEC亞太氣候難民治理的策略與挑戰：從批判安全觀點分析

The Strategy and Challenge of APEC Governance on Climate Refugee: Viewpoint of Critical Security

王芳醴(Fang-Li Wang)；李玫憲(Mei-Hsien Lee)

亞太經濟合作會議 ； 氣候變遷 ； 氣候難民 ； 氣候治理 ； 批判安全研究 ； APEC ； climate change ； climate refugee ； climate governance ； critical security studies

修平學報

32期（2016 / 03 / 01）

115 - 135

繁體中文

亞太地區基於「地理環境」及「人口分佈」等三項因素，不僅面臨氣候變遷衝擊時相對脆弱，因氣候災變而產生氣候難民的可能性亦高於其他地區。APEC做為區域重要的政治經濟組織，長期致力於促進亞太區域經濟台作與發展，對於氣候難民問題陸續浮現的負面衝擊，必然予以高度關注。然而，在經濟發展高於人類安全的氛圍下，目前區域國家對此一威脅的關注與台作卻相當有限。究竟，亞太氣候難民問題對區域發展構成何種威脅？APEC採取了哪些因應策略？而相關措施在執行上的挑戰又為何？為回答上述問題，本文將採取國際關條批判理論觀點，並從下列三個部分分析APEC在氣候難民治理的策略與挑戰：首先回顧亞太氣候難民問題的發展與演進，系統地闡述它對區域政經事務的可能威脅；其次就APEC在氣候難民問題上的立場與相關作法進行討論，最後透過批判安全視角反思APEC氣候難民治理，說明何以當前相關倡議未能達到預期成效，並藉此提出改善治理困境的可能途徑。

Caused by geography and population distribution, Asia-Pacific region has been weak in dealing with challenges of climate change, and facing more risks than others. APEC, as an important political economics organization of promoting regional economic cooperation and development, undoubtedly focuses on negative impact resulted from climate refugee. However, regional countries recently pay less attention and cooperation to this threat under the atmosphere that respects economic development more than human security. This article aims to answer following questions: What’s the threat of climate refugee posed to regional development? Is there any response adapted by APEC? How's the challenge working? To explore what APEC governance on climate refugee is, we analyze in viewpoint of IR Critical theory: First, it explores the threat to regional political economy by reviewing the development and evolution of climate refugee issues. Second, it discusses the position and response of APEC in dealing with climate refugee. Finally, it explains why relative initiatives can't attain their aim in the viewpoint of Critical Security Studies, and gives some suggestions for decreasing governance difficulties.

1. 李玫憲,洪銘德(2011)。當前歐盟氣候治理策略的發展與挑戰：從氣候難民問題分析。政治學報，52，1-28。
   連結：
2. 閻亢宗(2010)。地緣政治格局下氣候變遷對亞太安全的影響。遠景基金會季刊，11(4)，97-147。
   連結：
3. ADB(2012).Addressing Climate Change and Migration in Asia and the Pacific.Manila:Asian Development Bank.
4. Africa Development Band(2003).Poverty and Climate Change-Reducing the Vulnerabililty of the Poor through Adaptation.Washington, D.C.:African Development Bank.
5. APEC (2007). Sydney APEC Leaders' Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security and Clean Development. Sydney, Australia, September 9, 2007. Available: http://www.apec.org/Meeting-Papers/Leaders-Declarations/2007/2007_aelm/aelm_climatechange.aspx
6. Booth, Ken(1991).Security and Emancipation.Review of International Studies,17(4),313-326.
7. Booth, Ken(ed.)(2005).Critical Security Studies and World Politics.Boulder, Colo.:Lynne Rienner Publishers.
8. Booth, Ken,Vale, Peter(1995).Security in Southern Africa: After Apartheird, Beyond Realism.International Affairs,71(2),285-304.
9. Brown, Oli,Hammill, Anne,Mcleman, Robert(2007).Climate Change as the ‘New’ Security Threat: Implications for Africa.International Affairs,83(6),1141-1154.
10. Croft, Stuart(ed.),Terriff, Terry(ed.)(2000).Critical Reflections on Security and Change.London:Frank Cass Publishers.
11. DARA,Climate Vulnerable Forum(2012).Climate Vulnerability Monitor: A Guide to the Cold Calculus of a Hot Planet.Madrid, Spain:Fundacion DARA Internacional.
12. Dasgupta, Susmita,Laplante, Benoit,Meisner, Craig,Wheeler, David,Yan, Jianping(2007).World Bank Policy Research Working PaperWorld Bank Policy Research Working Paper,未出版
13. Dupont, Alan(2008).The Strategic implications of Climate Change.Survival,50(3),29-54.
14. Eriksson, Johan(1999).Observers or Advocates? On the Political Role of Security Analysis.Cooperation and Conflict,34(3),311-330.
15. IFRC (2011). “Myanmar: Cyclone Nargis 2008 and Figures.” Available: http://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/asia-pacific/myanmar/myanmar-cyclone-nargis-2008-facts-and-figures/
16. IPCC(2007).Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.Geneva, Switzerland:IPCC.
17. Jones, Richard Wyn(1999).Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory.Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers.
18. Jones, Richard Wyn(1995).‘Message in a Bottle’? Theory and Praxis in Critical Security Studies.Contemporary Security Policy,16(3),299-319.
19. Laczko, Frank,Aghazarm, Christine(2009).Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence.Geneva, Switzerland:International Organization for Migration.
20. Laudan, Larry(1996).Beyond Positivism and Relativism: Theory, Method, and Evidence.Boulder:Westview.
21. MacFarquhar, Neil (2009). “Refugees Join List of Climate-Change Issues.” The New York Times (May 29), A4. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/29refugees.htm
22. McLeman, Robert(2011).Climate Change, Migration and Critical International Security Considerations.Geneva, Switzerland:International Organization for Migration.
23. Myers, Norman(2002).Environmental Refugees: A Growing Phenomenon of the 21st Century.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series Biological Sciences,357(1420),609-613.
24. Parry, M. L.(ed.),Canziani, O. F.(ed.),Palutikof, J. P.(ed.),van der Linden, P. J.(ed.),Hanson, C. E.(ed.)(2007).Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Valnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
25. Renaud, Fabrice(2007).Control, Adapt or Flee: How to Face Environmental Migration?.Bornheim, Germany:UNU-EHS.
26. Smith, Steve(1987).Paradigm Dominance in International Relations: The Development of International Relations as a Social Science.Millennium: Journal of International Studies,16(2)
27. Soesastro, Hadi(ed.),Christopher, Findlay(ed.)(2007).Reshaping the Asia Pacific Economic Order.New York:Routledge.
28. UNFCCC (2011). Green Climate Fund: Report of the Transitional Committee. Available: http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/durban_nov_2011/decisions/application/pdf/cop17_gcf.pdf
29. USAID (2012). “Philippines-Floods.” August 20, 2012. Available: http://transition.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/countries/philippines/template/fs_sr/fy2012/philippines_fl_fs01-08-20-2012.pdf
30. WMO(2011).Weather Extremes in a Changing Climate: Hindsight on Foresight.Geneva, Switzerland:WMO.
31. World Economic Forum(2011).Global Risks 2011: An Initiative of the Risk Response Network.Geneva:World Economic Forum.
32. Zetter, Roger(2007).More Labels, Fewer Refugees: Remaking the Refugee Label in an Era of Globalization.Journal of Refugee Studies,20(2),172-192.
33. 黃詩珺(2009)。APEC架構下人類安全議題發展之研析。亞太經濟合作評論，16，59-61。