衝突鑽石貿易與WTO－以金伯利認證機制之實踐為中心（下）

On Conflict Diamonds Trade and WTO: in the Context of Practices of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme

10.29799/TILQ.201106.0006

方伶

世界貿易組織 ； 關稅暨貿易總協定 ； 技術性貿易障礙協定 ； 輸入許可程序協定 ； 服務貿易總協定 ； 金伯利流程 ； 金伯利認證機制 ； 衝突鑽石 ； 豁免決議 ； 例外條款 ； 強行法 ； 習慣國際法 ； WTO ； GATT ； TBT agreement ； GATS ； Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures ； Kimberley Process ； The Kimberley Process Certifications ； rough diamonds ； waiver decision ； exceptional clauses ； jus cogens ； customary international law

台灣國際法季刊

8卷2期（2011 / 06 / 01）

225 - 275

繁體中文

本文係以安哥拉、獅子山共和國、剛果民主共和國、賴比瑞亞、象牙海岸等地衝突鑽石貿易之背景為基礎，以WTO衝突鑽石貿易豁免決議為出發點，輔以WTO會員國規範衝突鑽石貿易之國家實踐，探討涉及人權爭議之衝突鑽石貿易對於WTO法律架構之影響，以及就衝突鑽石貿易之規範是否有形成習慣國際法之趨勢。WTO會員國為實施金伯利認證機制，就鑽石原石進出口貿易為限制措施，可能違反WTO涵蓋協定下之相關義務，基於法確定性與人道憐憫之考量並保障WTO會員國合法鑽石貿易利益，WTO總理事會於2003年5月15日通過衝突鑽石貿易豁免決議，豁免WTO會員國就鑽石原石進出口為貿易限制措施因而違反GATT最惠國待遇、數量限制普遍消除、非歧視性數量限制等義務。觀諸WTO設立宗旨係以建立自由貿易之國際經貿關係為立基，並縱覽GATT時期至WTO時期所作成之豁免決議，衝突鑽石貿易豁免決議係首度明示衝突鑽石貿易與人權之關係，承認衝突鑽石貿易經常性違犯人權之本質，顯示WTO從純粹經貿事務逐漸延伸至包含人類價值及優位性事務，而係WTO法律架構上之一大突破。除衝突鑽石貿易豁免決議外，WTO會員國亦可就鑽石原石貿易為進出口限制措施，主張係屬GATT第二十條a款、GATS第十四條a款之「維護公共道德或公共秩序所必要之措施」，以及GATT第二十條b款「維護人類生命或健康所必要之措施」，亦為GATT第二十一條b款第二目及第三目、GATT第二十一條c款、GATS第一條之一第一項c款中涉及國際和平與安全之措施，而無違其WTO規範架構下之義務。跳脫WTO規範架構，就國際法之普遍性義務言之，衝突鑽石貿易係涉及禁止奴隸、禁止強迫勞動、禁止童工等具備絕對規律屬性之強行法規範；探求主要鑽石原石貿易國就規範衝突鑽石貿易所為之實踐，似乎漸朝習慣國際法發展，尚待國際社會就衝突鑽石貿易所為之實踐及發展，逐漸確立形成習慣國際法地位。

The article is based on conflict diamonds trading in Angola, Sierra Leone, Congo, Liberia, and de Cote d'Ivoire; Waiver Decision on Kimberley Process Certification Scheme for Rough Diamonds; and the state practices of the regulations involved in conflict diamond trading of WTO members and to discuss about how the conflict diamond trading with controversial human rights issues affect WTO regulation framework and the trend of forming customary international law.WTO members set up the restrictions on diamonds imports and exports in order to practice The Kimberley Process Certifications may violate the obligations of WTO covered agreements obligations. Based on the law certainty, humanity commiseration, and the protection of WTO member's legal diamonds trade interests, the WTO General Council passed Waiver Decision on Kimberley Process Certification Scheme for Rough Diamonds to waive WTO member's obligations of general most-favoured-nation treatment, general elimination of quantitative restrictions, and nondiscriminatory administration of quantitative restrictions for putting restrictions on diamonds imports and exports on 15th May 2003. Waiver Decision on Kimberley Process Certification Scheme for Rough Diamonds was the first WTO regulation that mentions the relationship between the conflict diamonds and human rights and commits that the conflict diamonds trade has direct connections to human rights violations. In addition, it shows that WTO's regulation framework has made a breakthrough from pure trade affairs to human value and superior ones.Other than the Waiver Decision on Kimberly Process Certification Scheme for Rough Diamonds, WTO members could argue that the measure they took on diamond import and export did not violate the obligations in the WTO regulation framework by claiming that they conform to the GATT article XX(b) ”necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health” ; GATT article XXI(b)(ii), (iii), GATT article XXI(c); and GATS article 14 bis 1 I(c) ”maintenance of international peace and security”.In the aspect of common international law obligations, conflict diamonds trade refers to jus cogens of prohibition of slavery, prohibition of forced labour, and prohibition of child labour. However, the practices of conflict diamonds still require the international community to gradually set its place in the customary international law.

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