環境影響評估作為國際法上的義務：國際法院判決評析

Environmental Impact Assessment as International Legal Obligation: Comment on Pulp Mills Case by the International Court of Justice

10.29799/TILQ.201203.0001

張文貞

國際環境法 ； 習慣國際法 ； 國際法一般原理原則 ； 環境影響評估 ； Pulp Mills Case ； international environmental law ； customary international law ； general principle of international law ； environmental impact assessment (EIA)

台灣國際法季刊

9卷1期（2012 / 03 / 01）

7 - 48

繁體中文

國際法院在2010年4月，針對阿根廷與烏拉圭間關於紙漿廠設置及運作的環境影響評估爭議作成判決，認為國家對可能導致其他國家環境及人民健康上不良影響的開發，有義務進行環境影響評估，而此一義務具有國際法上的地位，任何國家均應遵行。本文詳細分析此一判決的論理，同時整理多數意見、不同及協同意見之間的相互交鋒，歸納出四個主要的議題：程序義務與實質義務的區分、法院外專家的借重、損害預防或風險預警、以及國際環境法及相關原理原則的適用。本文認為國際法院此一判決突顯出兩個國際環境法發展上的重要趨勢：其一是司法造法與立法造法間的競逐，另則是內國環境法與國際環境法的匯流。本文發現，不論是司法造法模式的興起，抑或是對內國實踐型塑國際規範功能的重視，對臺灣居於劣勢的國際地位而言，均是一個相對有利的發展。

In April 2010, the International Court of Justice rendered a decision regarding the pulp mills on the river between Argentina and Uruguay, confirming a state obligation to conduct an environmental impact assessment should a proposed project or activity of the state may cause an adverse impact on other states. By analyzing the debate between the majority, concurring and dissenting opinions, this Article points to four issues that are critical to the decision: the distinction between procedural and substantial obligations, the (non) reliance of scientific experts outside the court, the principles of prevention and precaution, and the application of international environmental legal principles. In addition, this Article argues that two trends in the development of international environmental laws are reflected in this decision: the competition between treaties and judge-made law, and the convergence of domestic and international environmental laws. This Article concludes that the increase of judge-made law and the reference to domestic environmental laws are advantageous to states like Taiwan that are less powerful in international politics of treaty-making.

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