馬禮遜《字典》中的俗文學、經典與詩

A Herculean Work: Textual Materials in Robert Morrison's ADictionaryof the Chinese Language (1815-1823)

張雅媚(Yamei Chang)

馬禮遜字典 ； 康熙字典 ； 大英百科全書 ； 聖經 ； 中國文學 ； Morrison's Dictionary ； Empirial (Kangxi) Dictionary ； Encyclopedia Britannica ； Bible ； Chinese Literature

漢學研究集刊

30期（2020 / 06 / 01）

195 - 227

繁體中文

馬禮遜編纂的三大部字典（1815-1823）是十九世紀以來中外辭典史上首次成就。此前在歐洲大多為天主教傳教士抄本，且都是字詞的對譯與簡短的詞彙釋義；而馬禮遜則是以百科全書式的企圖在編纂，尤其表現在第一部第一卷。這些字例是理解其思想內涵的重要文獻，然而過去大多著力於辭典學及字彙考古研究，且偏重在第二、三部。為更加釐清馬禮遜編纂第一部時利用各類中國典籍的方法，並凸顯他在挑選、翻譯與編寫時的思考歷程，本文分兩大部分加以解析：第一部分說明《字典》的輯譯過程，以及編製字例的兩種典型；第二部分舉例說明馬禮遜取材的特點，以及他對中國文學的研讀經歷與理解。

Robert Morrison's Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts (1815-1823) opened new phase to the nineteenth-century Chinese-English lexicography. Before the Dictionary has been published, European Chinese language learners often made use of manuscripts transcribed from the Catholic missionaries', in which all the vocabularies were simply literally translated and paraphrased only without further explainations. Morrison took another way by compiling a dictionary on an encyclopedic scale, which is obviously represented in the first volume of the first part. These partially original entries are important sources to a better understanding of Morrison’s thought and work, but it has been mostly overlooked by emphasizing the lexicographical and historical value of the second and third parts. To look into his process of selecting, translating, and integrating various kind of sources into each entry, this paper first demonstrates two typical modes of entry-making in the Dictionary, and then explains how he chose materials, with a view on his experiences of studying and understanding Chinese Literature.

1. （宋）王應麟纂，（清）王相注，（清）徐士業校刊，《三字經訓詁》，天保二年刊本。
2. （明）徐道述，（明）程毓奇纂，（清）張繼宗編纂，（清）黃掌綸評定，《歷代神仙通鑑》，二十二卷，康熙年間刊本。
3. （清）王堯衢註，（清）李模、李桓校，《唐詩合解箋注（王阮亭原本）》，十二卷，末附古詩四卷，雍正壬子（1732）序，懷德堂藏板。
4. （清）王鴻緒、揆敘總裁，《欽定詩經傳說彙纂》，二十一卷，雍正五年（1727）趙之垣刻本。
5. （清）牟目源訂，《道德經釋義》，題純陽真人（呂洞賓）釋義，嘉慶十四年（1809）鄒學鯤重刊，汗簡齋承刊。
6. （清）沈德潛纂評，《欽定國朝詩別裁集》，三十二卷，乾隆二十六年（1761）序。
7. （清）孫念劬，《全人矩矱》，拱北樓藏板，嘉慶五年（1800）嶺南初刻、再刻。
8. （清）張玉書、陳廷敬總閱，（清）凌紹雯等纂修，《御製康熙字典》，十二集三十六卷，康熙五十五年（1716）刻本。
9. （清）張英、王士禎等總裁，《淵鑑類函》，四百五十卷，康熙四十九年（1710）內府刻本。
10. （清）葉燮，《原詩》，四卷，康熙丙寅（1686）序，二棄草堂刻本。
11. （清）趙辰瑗選輯，《重訂唐詩七律箋注（山滿樓原本）》，乾隆甲辰（1784）刊本，芸經堂發兌。
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13. Daily, Christopher A.(2013).Robert Morrison and the Protestant Plan for China.Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press.
14. De Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph ed.,Dictionnaire Chinois, Français et Latin漢字西譯 , Paris: de l’Imprimerie Impériale, 1813.
15. Elman, Paul(1951).Richard Allestree and The Whole Duty of Man.The Transactions of the Bibliographical Society,6,19-27.
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17. Johnson, Samuel, The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., edited by Arthur Murphy, New edition, 12 Vols., London: Printed for T. Longman etc., 1792.
18. Milne, William, Memoirs of the Rev. William Milne, D.D., compiled by Robert Morrison, Malacca: The Mision Press, 1824.
19. Morrison, Eliza ed.,Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison, D.D., 2 Vols. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 1839.
20. Morrison, John Robert, “The Whole Duty of Man”, Canton: Anglo Chinese Lith’ Press, 1831.
21. Morrison, Robert, “Chinese Metaphysics”, The Indo-Chinese Gleaner, Vol.1, No.9, July 1819, pp. 144-153.
22. Morrison, Robert,A Grammar of the Chinese Language, Serampore: Printed at the Mission Press, 1815.
23. Morrison, Robert, Chinese Miscellany, London: S. McDowall, 1825.
24. Morrison, Robert, A Dictionary of the Chinese Language, in Three Parts, 6 Vols., Macao: Printed at the East India Company Press, 1815-1823.
25. Morrison, Robert,Translations from the Original Chinese, with Notes, Canton: Printed at the Honorable East India Company’s Press, 1815.
26. Morrison, Robert and William Milne, “Chinese Metaphysics”,The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies, Vol. 10,Sept 1820, pp. 237-241.London: Printed for Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen.
27. Reddick, Allen Hilliard(1996).The Making of Johnson’s Dictionary, 1746-1773.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
28. West, Andrew C.(1998).Catalogue of the Morrison Collection of Chinese Books.London:School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
29. 楊慧玲(2012).19世紀漢英詞典傳統──馬禮遜、衛三畏、翟理斯漢英詞典的譜系研究.北京:商務印書館.
30. 詹福瑞(2001)。王堯衢《古唐詩合選》的宗唐傾向及選詩標準。文學遺產，2001(1)，94-97。
31. 蘇精(2000).馬禮遜與中文印刷出版.臺北:臺灣學生書局.
32. 蘇精(2014).鑄以代刻：傳教士與中文印刷變局.臺北:國立臺灣大學出版中心.
33. 蘇精(2010).基督教與新加坡華人1819-1846.新竹:國立清華大學出版社.
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