汪紱《山海經存》中的民俗醫療－以〈五藏山經〉為中心

Folk Medicine in Wang Fu's ＂Shan Hai Jing Cun＂-Centered on ＂Wu Zang Shan Jing＂

10.6187/tkujcl.202106_(44).0006

鹿憶鹿(Lu, Yi-Lu)

汪紱 ； 《山海經存》 ； 《山海經》 ； 民俗醫療 ； Wang Fu ； ＂Shan Hai Jing Cun＂ ； ＂Shan Hai Jing＂ ； Folk Medicine

淡江中文學報

44期（2021 / 06 / 01）

167 - 207

繁體中文

汪紱《山海經存》的分類和前人不同，他將〈五藏山經〉分五卷，而原本的海外四經、海內四經、大荒四經各自合併，共三卷，另外〈海內經〉殘卷也獨立一卷，一共九卷。汪紱又依經文內容，間有圖像。據跋者時慶萊所言，遺稿卷六、卷七已經散逸，是余家鼎、查美珂所補繪。《山海經》中記載的病症很多，有皮膚腫疥、有耳聾、目眩或腹痛等等身體疾病，也有心理情緒的憂懼迷惑，甚至是求子或避孕的困擾，當然就有各種的解方，解方有佩戴在身體上，也有服食或塗抹的，動物植物一應俱全，其中不乏養顏美容聖品，甚至是招致愛悅的香草。「憂」的情況在《山海經》出現得很多，能夠治療的靈物，或服食，或佩戴，或者像飼養朏朏獸才能解憂。如同畏、惑、迷一樣，憂是一種抽象的情緒，《山海經》寫抽象的情緒困擾多過實際的肉體病痛，而治療的方式更傾向於弗雷澤所提出來的「接觸巫術」或「模擬巫術」。汪紱時常以《本草綱目》的資料來討論《山海經》中的靈草，或許以為二者頗相似，可相比對。然而，《本草》的藥材，大多為中醫醫理上的療效，《山海經》中草木、鳥獸的療效，卻更近似於巫術的範疇。汪紱《山海經存》一書有寄託抒懷的因素，與一般的儒學考據無關；而書中所含將近兩百幅左右的圖像，能完全凸顯他曾經身為景德鎮畫瓷工匠積累的功力與藝術成就，書中能治療憂懼、迷惑、癡愚或腫疥的各種鳥獸魚龜，汪紱都將之生動地刻劃出來，呈現奇幻迷離的民俗醫療氛圍。

Different from the previous scholars in the classifications of ＂Shan Hai Jing Cun＂, Wang Fu divided ＂Wu Zang Shan Jing＂, into five chapters, combined ＂Hai Wai Si Jing＂, ＂Hai Nei Si Jing＂, and ＂Da Huang Si Jing＂ into three respective chapters, and made the fragmented chapter of ＂Hai Nei Jing＂ into one chapter. Therefore, there are nine chapters in total. Based on the contents of the text, Wang Fu arranged corresponding illustrations in between. According to the epilogue by Shi Qing-Lai, Chapters 6 and 7 of the surviving manuscripts had been lost. It is Yu JiaDing and Ja MeiKe who mended the illustrations afterwards. In ＂Shan Hai Jing＂, lots of maladies were described, including scabies, hearing loss, dizziness, and stomachache. There were also psychological and emotional maladies such as depression, panic disorder, confusion, and even issues like wishing for conception or birth control. The remedies for the conditions above surely vary: from wearing and smearing something on the body to taking certain animalistic or vegetative substance. There is no lack of some holy-grail skincare ingredients and herbs that make women more attractive to men. The ＂depression＂ was mentioned frequently in ＂Shan Hai Jing＂, and it has to be cured through wearing or eating animals or herbs, or keeping a beast called ＂fei-fei.＂ Like fear and confusion, depression is one of abstract emotions. In ＂Shan Hai Jing＂, abstract emotions were discussed much more than physical pain. The remedy for those mental conditions tend to be ＂sympathetic magic＂ or ＂imitative magic＂ proposed by Frazer. Wang Fu often used ＂Compendium of Materia Medica＂ to discuss the spiritual herbs in ＂Shan Hai Jing.＂ Perhaps, he found two works similar and comparable. However, most of the herbs in ＂Compendium of Materia Medica＂ have the efficacy of Chinese medicine, whereas the effects of the beasts and herbs in ＂Shan Hai Jing＂ appear to be within the scope of witchcraft. Wang Fu also expressed his feelings through ＂Shan Hai Jing Cun＂, which is irrelevant to scholastic textual investigation. There are nearly two hundred illustrations in the book, which fully show his great skills and artistic achievements accumulated as a porcelain painter in Jingdezhen (porcelain capital of China). Wang Fu depicted lively various birds, beasts, fish and turtles that can cure depression, fear, confusion, swelling and scabies, giving a mystic air of witchcraft healing.

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