Effect of Extrinsic Motivation on Intrinsically Motivated Pole Vault Coaches and Athletes

外在動機對於內在動機強烈的撐竿跳高教練與選手之影響

10.29429/JSLHR.201406_9(2).06

許弘毅(Hung-Yi Hsu)；Brian Yokoyama；林作慶(Tso-Ching Lin)；張志銘(Chih-Ming Chang)

外在 ； 內在 ； 動機 ； 運動員 ； 訪談 ； extrinsic ； intrinsic ； motivation ； athletes ； interview

運動休閒餐旅研究

9卷2期（2014 / 06 / 01）

93 - 105

英文

本研究主要探討外在動機對於內在動機強烈的撐竿跳高教練與選手之影響，並且把研究主軸強調於外在因素，特別是比賽獎金及家庭壓力對具有內在動機的教練與選手所造成的影響。共有四位研究對象參與本研究，研究者使用深度訪談的方式來獲得他們每個人對於動機、金錢獎勵及家庭壓力的影響經驗，因為深度訪談最能挖掘出受訪對象心理真正的想法。研究結果顯示每位研究對象皆對撐竿跳高運動有非常大的熱情，其主要原因是有一顆熱愛的心。結論表示外在動機對於內在動機也存在負面的影響，因為金錢的獎勵通常造成他們內在動機變質；除此之外，如果獎勵能夠讓選手清楚了解自己能力，進而獲得成就感的話，外在因素亦可被當作強化動機的正面方法。

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effect of extrinsic motivation on intrinsically motivated pole vault coaches and athletes. The main aim of the discussion was to explore those extrinsic factors, in particular financial rewards and family pressure, on the intrinsic motivation of pole vault coaches and athletes. A total of 4 respondents were enrolled into this study and in-depth interview method was used to help gain meaningful insights into the extent of the intrinsic motivation of individuals because they can capture exhaustive and specific answers; thus, these contribute to formulating accurate conclusions. The results from the in-depth interview revealed a huge passion for the game among all of the respondents; their main reason was the love of the game. We found that extrinsic motivation has a negative impact on intrinsic motivation; monetary rewards produce a shift in their motivation. Despite this, extrinsic factors can be used to strengthen motivation if the rewards positively inform athletes about their ability, and thereby enhance their level of satisfaction

1. Morris, R. (2004). Pole vault history. Accessed July 12, 2013.On Track Web site. Available at http://www.ontrackandfield.com/main/catalog/2007/index.html.
2. Amabile, T. M.(1993).Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace.Human Resource Management Review,3(3),185.
3. Anderson, R.,Manoogian, S. T.,Reznick, J. S.(1976).The undermining and enhancing of intrinsic motivation in preschool children.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,34(5),915.
4. Benabou, R.,Tirole, J.(2003).Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Review of Economic Studies,70(244),489-520.
5. Deci, E. L.(1971).Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,18(1),105-115.
6. Deci, E. L.,Cascio, W. F.,Krusell, J.(1975).Cognitive evaluation theory and some comments on the Calder and Staw critique.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,31(1),81-85.
7. Deci, E. L.,Koestner, R.,Ryan, R. M.(1999).A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.Psychological Bulletin,125(6),627-668.
8. Deci, E. L.,Nezlek, J.,Sheinman, L.(1981).Characteristics of the rewarder and intrinsic motivation of the rewardee.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,40(1),1-10.
9. Deci, E. L.,Ryan, R. M.(2012).The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation.
10. Deci, E. L.,Ryan, R. M.(2008).Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health.Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne,49(3),182.
11. Deci, E. L.,Ryan, R. M.(1985).Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior.New York:Plenum Press.
12. Dreikurs, F. E.(2000).Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion.New York:Oxford University Press Inc.
13. Duda, J. L.,Nicholls, J. G.(1992).Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport.Journal of Educational Psychology,84(3),290-299.
14. Elliot, A. J.(Ed.),Dweck, C. J.(Ed.)(2005).Handbook of competence and motivation.New York:Guilford Press.
15. Ferguson, M. J.,Bargh, J. A.(2004).Liking is for doing: Effects of goal-pursuit on automatic evaluation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,88,557-572.
16. Frederick, C. M.,Ryan, R. M.(1995).Self-determination in sport: A review using cognitive evolution theory.International Journal of Sport Psychology,26,5-23.
17. Grolnick, W. S.,Ryan, R. M.(1987).Autonomy in children's learning: An experimental and individual difference investigation.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,52,890-898.
18. Hennessey, B. A.,Amabile, T. M.(2005).Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Organizational Behavior,1(1),3-23.
19. Kehr, H. M.(2004).Integrating implicit motives, explicit motives, and perceived abilities: The compensatory model of work motivation and volition.Academy of Management Review,29(3),479-499.
20. Lindenberg, S.(2001).Intrinsic motivation in a new light.Kyklos,54(2-3),317-343.
21. Robbins, S. P.(2003).Essentials of Organizational Behavior.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:Pearson Education, Inc.
22. Roberts, G.(Ed.)(2001).Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
23. Ruighaver, A. B.,Maynard, S. B.,Chang, S.(2007).Organisational security culture: Extending the end-user perspective.Computers & Security,26(1),56-62.
24. Ryan, R. M.,Deci, E. L.(2000).Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.American Psychologist,55(1),68-78.
25. Sansone, C.,Harackiewicz, J. M.(2000).Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance.San Diego:Academic Press.
26. Vallerand, R. J.(1997).Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,29,271-360.
27. Vallerand, R. J.,Pelletier, L. G.,Blais, M. R.,Briere, N. M.,Senecal, C.,Vallieres, E. F.(1992).The academic motivation scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and motivation in education.Educational and Psychological Measurement,52(4),1003-1017.