大唐天子的輓歌－從《全唐詩》看唐代人臣對帝王的傷悼

The Elegies of Tang Dynasty Emperors-The Way Tang Courtiers Showed Sorrows for Their Emperors in "All Tang Poetry"

10.30091/JCDNCHU.200912.0002

鄭雅芬(Yia-Fen Cheng)

唐代 ； 古典詩 ； 輓歌詩 ； 悼亡詩 ； 帝王 ； Tang dynasty ； Classical portry ； elegies ； memorial poetry ； emperors

興大中文學報

26期（2009 / 12 / 01）

27 - 63

繁體中文

「死亡」是人類無法避免的命運，就算貴為帝王亦如是。本文主要從文學的視角切入，分析唐代眾臣哀輓帝王薨逝之詩歌作品所透顯的內在哲思，與所呈現的外在審美藝術。研究發現：唐代群臣於帝王薨逝後所作哀輓詩歌，在型製上，以五言律詩、三首聯章最為普見。在詩歌創作及哀輓人物數量上，劉禹錫為三位唐帝王寫作共八首輓歌最多。在創作背景上，詩人寫作天子輓歌多與各自政治經歷暗合。由唐天子輓歌可以窺見唐朝政局及唐君主對於修道成仙的嚮往，也因此唐天子輓歌在生命意識呈現上，以道教的「煉丹成仙」說最常被表現，儒家「三不朽」說也常被使用以肯定帝王生前作為。在詩歌意象使用上，「黃昏／白日西馳」慣常被表現，「鼎湖龍去」典故經常被化用，其他如「松柏」、「笳簫」、「羽騎」、「宮仗」等視聽意象也屢有所見。

Death is the destination which human can not refuse to reach, even he is an emperor. This article took the angle of literature to analyze the internal thinking and external appreciation of beauty which is released by the poetry written by Tang courtiers for mourning over their emperors. Based on the analysis, we found out that most of these elegies took the style of ”Five-character-regulated-poem” or ”Three poems as a whole”, and Yu-Hsi Liu's eight elegies about three Tang emperors made him the highest production writer. We can see sort of connections between these poems and their writer's political experience, while the political situation and how desirable the Tang emperors are for becoming celestial also included. Because of the desire for being immortal, these poets mentioned a lot about Taoism's ”Taking pills of immortality”, and Confucianists' ”Three immortality” was also frequently used to approve the emperors' achievements. As to the allusion on death, Tang poets love to take the images of dusk, falling sun, and the dǐng hú dragon's leaving. And images of ”Pine and cypress”, ”jia and xiao” (Chinese musical instruments), imperial guards, and imperial canes are also taken a lot.