英文摘要
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The purpose of this study aims to discuss Fang Yi-zhi's philosophy of life and death, the significant thinker in late Ming and early Qing, According to his concept of life and death, Fang covers both the generalized and narrowly definitions: the former refers its literal meaning of life and death, while the latter means personal life and death as well as generalized life and death based on the variation of Qi. Although Fang Yi-zhi develop his theory from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, Fang paid little attentions to combine them but placed great emphasis on one's existence and its meanings. Transcending the limits of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, Fang went further to ponder state of World preexisted and World already having existed. Fang also brought forward his Qi-based philosophy. Because of Qi pervading the atmosphere without ending, there is thus no distinction between life and death, from which he further developed the viewpoint of non-life-and-death. Fang later developed the ideas of "following the Life-and-Death Rule," "obliterating the Rule of life-and-death," and "having the thorough knowledge of life-and-death." In sum, Fang emphasized not only enlightenment but also the efforts of learning; he also put emphasis on completely understanding the nature beyond life and death through one's devotion.
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