英文摘要
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From the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries, East Asian countries usually selected people familiar with Chinese affairs to edit or compose teaching materials for learning Chinese. Because the editors had different cultural and dialectical backgrounds, Mandarin learning materials with unique particularities were created. They are typically referred to as "overseas Chinese language" because they were different from the original Mandarin in China. Since the seventeenth century, many "Tang ships" from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong were piloted to Kyushu to participate in commercial trading. During the trading, the people hired Tang-tongshi to facilitate communication between the residents and the Chinese. Consequently, these hereditary Tang-tongshi, descendants of ancient Chinese immigrants,had to learn the Tanghua language and Tang affairs from childhood. Upon acquiring sufficient knowledge and language ability, they started to handle affairs between the Chinese and the Nagasaki government. This study investigated the characteristics of the Tanghua language. By researching all types of teaching material on learning Chinese, we concluded that there are some distinguishing features such as "multilingual phenomenon," "hereditary positions," "popular vernacular," "immigration cultures," and "actual histories" that illustrate its characteristics. Because Tanghua has been highly applied, we could observe the essence of overseas Chinese cultures through its perseverance and unadorned characteristics.
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