鄉鎮至區轉換歷程之觀光治理模式─新北市深坑老街之個案觀察

The Observation of Tourism Governance from the Transition between a Township to District-ACase Study of Shenkeng Old Stree

10.6158/JLTIR.201511_7(2).0002

吳怡彥(Yi-Yen Wu)

觀光治理 ； 永續觀光 ； 五都 ； Tourism governance ； Sustainable Tourism ； Five Special Municipalities

休閒暨觀光產業研究

7卷2期（2015 / 11 / 01）

21 - 38

繁體中文

伴隨觀光旅遊產業的蓬勃發展，政府已將其列為國家六大新興產業類項的一環，因而延伸的永續觀光思維逐漸為各地方政府重視。但另一方面，台灣於2011年經歷的國土行政體系的重大變革，透過縣市合併等方式浮現新的五都，地方自治一方面面臨縣市內部合併的磨合，5個直轄市與鄰近縣市也將產生新的跨域治理問題。值此重大變革，原屬於縣體制的地方自治單位-鄉鎮成為直屬市政府管轄的「區」。而就致力於發展觀光之地方自治單位而言，觀光治理模式截然不同，因而產生資源分配、權力調適與社群網絡關係變化等議題。本研究以新北市深坑老街為例，透過觀光治理理論的回顧與文本的深度分析，瞭解體制變革後地方觀光政策的施為方向，並以質性訪談方式歸納地方意見，透過田野調查瞭解體制變革後不同利益關係者（Stakeholder）對地方觀光治理之感知，進而提出對應地方特性之觀光治理理論。研究結果顯示深坑老街因為新北市大量資源的挹注，大幅提昇觀光旅次，對於帶動地方經濟發展有相當助益。但因為鄉鎮公所權力與資源的真空化，使得地方期待與政策施為產生相當落差，產生地方政治經濟的再結構現象。

With the vigorous development of tourism, it has been listed in six national burgeoning industries. As a result, the concept of sustainable tourism is also valued by each local government. Under this situation, the policy of Taiwanese territory has also experienced a great revolution, which is the emergence of new five municipalities in 2011 through the combination of the cities and counties. Town or township is the basic autonomous unit belonging to the county government. While the town or township has been translated into district, the form of tourism governance will be different completely. The subject of debate involved with the distribution of the resources, authority regulation or the community network has been emerged. This study takes Shenkeng Old Street as an example to understand the public tourism policies tough the analysis of tourism governance references and theories. The method of deep interview will be adopted to generalize local opinions. And different groups of stakeholders will be investigated to understand their perception. Finally, the local theory of tourism governance will be brought up to provide the governments to adjust their tourism policies. The result reveals that with the abundant resources from the New Taipei City, the number of the tourists increases dramatically, and really benefits local economy. But the empty for local power and resources also enlarges the gap between the local expectation and the public policy which leads the reconstruction of local political economy.

1. 孫本初、鍾京佑(2005)。治理理論之初探：政府、市場與社會治理架構。公共行政學報，16，107-135。
   連結：
2. 張泰瑞、孫同文、郭瑞坤、沈逸晴(2013)。地方觀光發展協力治理機制之探究：以南投縣觀光發展為例。觀光休閒學報，19(2)，105-128。
   連結：
3. 林鍾沂，（2002），政府改造的理論反思：效率型政府或回應型政府。[國政評論]：http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/IA/091/IA-C-091-092.htm[2015/05/20]。
4. 潘玉婕、劉英純，（2013），老街自治好「辦法」自己管理認同感更高，[新北市城鄉發展電子報]:http://www.planning.ntpc.gov.tw/web66/_file/1691/upload/news/72/p5.html[2013/04/15]
5. 張菁雅、林明宏，（2013）。清境違建拆不拆李鴻源：交由南投縣府執行，自由時報，2013/12/2，第3版。
6. 黃邦平，（2012）。《遊戲場蓋幼兒園》深坑居民有「異」見，自由時報，2012/10/17，地方版。
7. Bramwell, B.,Lane, B.(2011).Critical research on the governance of tourism and sustainability.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(4-5),411-421.
8. Denzin, N.K.(Ed.),Lincoln, Y.S.(Ed.)(2000).Handbook of qualitative research.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
9. Dredge,Jammal(2013).Mobilities on the Gold Coast, Australia: implications for destination governance and sustainable tourism.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(4),557-579.
10. Hall, M.(2011).A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(4-5),437-457.
11. Hall, M.(2011).Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance.From firstand second-order to third-order change.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(4-5),649-671.
12. Moscardo, G.(2011).Exploring social representations of tourism planning: Issues for governance.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(4-5),423-436.
13. Nozick,R.(1977).Anarchy, State, and Utopia.Basic Books.
14. Rhodes, R. A. W.(1996).Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability.Buckingham:Open University Press.
15. Yiiksel, F.,Bramwell, B(2005).Centralized and Decentralized tourism governance in Turkey.Annals of Tourism Research,32(4),859-886.
16. Zahra, A.(2011).Rethinking regional tourism governance: The principle of subsidiarity.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(4-5),535-552.
17. 余致力(1999)。論公共行政在民主治理過程中的正當角色：黑堡宣言的內涵、定位與啟示。公共行政學報，4，1-29。
18. 吳怡彥(2002)。災區社區營造與產業結盟機制之檢討。921重建區產業創新與轉型國際研討會，台中:
19. 吳怡彥、陳亮清、陶翼煌(2015)。營利或非營利－環境非營利組織可持續性經營之探討。東南學報，40，147-164。
20. 呂育誠(2011)。都會治理與府際合作概念的界定與應用。研習論壇月刊，123
21. 林倖妃(2013)。突圍新北朱立倫的關鍵抉擇。天下雜誌，526，32-50。
22. 施正鋒(2010)。五都與縣市升格之體制問題探討。五都體制變革與台灣發展研討會，台北:
23. 莫家豪、盧一威(2004)。大學整併與中國高等教育治理變遷。教育政策論壇，7(1)，83-100。
24. 趙永茂、陳雨彤(2008)。鄉鎮級之公共行銷與地方治理模式–台北縣淡水鎮發展個案分析。府際關係研究通訊，4，14-16。
25. 魏大統(2002)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。政治大學勞工研究所。