十九世紀初美國麻州師資培育的形成與發展

The Formation and Development of Teacher Education in the Early 19th Century Massachusetts, United States

顏于智(Yu-Chih Yen)

文化借用 ； 公共教育 ； 師資培育 ； 師範學校 ； 教育史 ； common school education ； cultural borrowing ； history of education ； normal school ； teacher education

教育實踐與研究

34卷2期（2021 / 12 / 01）

83 - 123

繁體中文

本文旨在探討十九世紀初麻州師資培育的發展歷史，透過歷史研究與文件檔案分析方法，用以了解麻州師資培育發展過程中所面對的困難及其衍生爭議事件始末。研究有幾點發現：（1）十九世紀初以前麻州師資培育的問題缺失深受宗教傳統、教育經費、教師聘任機制等因素影響；（2）James G. Carter（1795-1849）提出設專責師資培育機構的構想；（3）Charles Brooks（1795-1872）建議仿效普魯士教育經驗，並訴願請求設立麻州州立師範學校；（4）Horace Mann（1796-1859）為設立麻州州立師範學校並解決其相關爭議的關鍵人物；（5）麻州州教育委員會與麻州師範學校受到政治的力量干預，一度遭逢廢除危機；（6）Cyrus Peirce（1790-1860）所經營的麻州州立師範學校展現出麻州師資培育邁向教育專業發展的特色。本研究貢獻在於根據研究結果，提出臺灣師資培育未來方展之建議方向：（1）調和不同師資培育管道之優勢，落實教師專業發展藍圖；（2）聚焦師資培育學術研究，形塑師資培育實踐之典範重鎮；（3）參酌全球教育視野，立基本土環境文化，厚植臺灣師資培育專業發展。

The purpose of this study is to explore the history of the formation and development of teacher education in the early 19th century Massachusetts, United States. Through adapting historical research and documentary research, this study intends to understand the difficulties and controversies faced in teacher education reform in Massachusetts. The findings are as follows. First, the problems and deficiencies of teacher education before the beginning of the nineteenth century in Massachusetts were deeply affected by religious traditions, educational funding, and teacher recruitment mechanisms. Second, James G. Carter (1795-1849) proposed establishing a specific teacher training institution. Third, Charles Brooks (1795-1872) suggested imitating Prussian education experience and petitioned to establish Massachusetts state normal school. Fourth, Horace Mann (1796-1859) was the key figure in establishing the Massachusetts state normal school and resolving its related disputes. Fifth, the Massachusetts State Board of Education and the Massachusetts normal school were intervened by political factors and once encountered abolition crisis. Sixth, The Massachusetts state normal school operated by Cyrus Peirce (1790-1860) manifested the characteristic of the development of Massachusetts teacher training toward professionalization. This study proposes suggestions for future development of teacher training in Taiwan: First, reconciling the advantages of different teacher training channels and implementing a blueprint for teacher professional development. Second, focus academic research on teacher training and shaping a model institution for teacher training practice. Third, cultivate Taiwan teachers' professional development based on domestic culture and environment, bearing global educational perspectives.

1. 王麗雲, L. -Y.(2002)。中文拼音政策的爭議與課程政治面向的反省。教育研究集刊，48(1)，95-131。
   連結：
2. 呂秀蓮, H. -L.(2019)。課綱為本課程設計經驗之研究：以國中教師為對象。教育實踐與研究，32(1)，11-32。
   連結：
3. 李佩珊, P. -S.,宋宥賢, Y. -H.,王麗斐, L. -F.,洪瑞兒, Z. -R.(2017)。建構中小學初任輔導人員職前培訓機制：戴明循環觀點之應用。教育實踐與研究，30(2)，67-104。
   連結：
4. 李隆盛, L. -S.,賴春金, C. -C.,潘瑛如, Y. -Y.,梁雨樺, Y. -H.,王玫婷, M. -T.(2017)。大學生全球素養指標之建構。教育實踐與研究，30(1)，1-32。
   連結：
5. 洪郁婷, Y. -T.(2019)。向學生學習：教師建構學科學生知識之個案研究。教育實踐與研究，32(1)，107-144。
   連結：
6. 陳偉仁, W. -R.,黃楷茹, K. -J.,吳青陵, C. -L.,呂金燮, C. -H.(2018)。專業學習的建構：「設計本位學習」創新教學之行動探究。教育實踐與研究，31(2)，25-58。
   連結：
7. 黃嘉莉, J. -L.(2019)。師資養成公費制度之歷史探究。教育科學研究期刊，64(2)，99-129。
   連結：
8. 楊銀興, Y. -H.,林政逸, J. -Y.,劉健慧, C. -H.(2007)。我國多元化師資培育政策問題影響評估。教育理論與實踐學刊，16，1-2。
   連結：
9. 廖錦文, C. -W.,鄭博文, P. -W.(2019)。經濟弱勢學生學習態度與學業表現之縱貫研究。教育實踐與研究，32(1)，71-106。
   連結：
10. 劉唯玉, W. -Y.(2017)。案例撰寫與討論引導架構促進實習教師反省思考層次之研究。教育實踐與研究，30(1)，71-104。
    連結：
11. 教育經費編列與管理法（2016）。[The Compilation and Administration of Education Expenditures Act. (2016).]
12. A lover of good schools. (1838, September 9). For the Massachusetts Spy. Massachusetts Spy.
13. Albree, J. (1907). Charles Brooks and his work for normal schools. Medford, MA.: Press of J. C. Miller, Jr.
14. Alcott, A. B., Russell, W., & Woodbridge, W. C. (1826). American journal of education. Boston, MA: Wait, Green, and Co.
15. Altbach, P. G.(Ed.),Kelly, G. P.(Ed.)(1986).New approaches to comparative education.Chicago, IL:The University of Chicago Press.
16. Anonymous. (1838, March 17). Popular education. Independent chronicle and Boston Patriot.
17. Anonymous. (1838, September 26). A meeting of Worcester County Association for the improvement of common schools. Massachusetts Spy.
18. Anonymous. (1838, October 3). For the improvement of common schools. Massachusetts Spy
19. Anyon, J.(1979).Ideology and United States history textbooks.Harvard Educational Review,49(3),361-386.
20. Apple, M. W.(1979).Ideology and curriculum.New York, NY:RKP.
21. Australian Government Department of Education and Training. (2018). National school reform agreement. Retrieved from https://www.education.gov.au/national-school-reform-agreement-0
22. Barnard, H. (Ed.). (1862). The American journal of education (Vol. 12). Hartford, CT: F. C. Brownell.
23. Barnard, H. (Ed.). (1858). The American journal of education (Vol. 5). Hartford, CT: F. C. Brownell.
24. Ben-David, J.,Collins, R.(1966).Social factors in the origins of a new science: The case of psychology.American Sociological Review,31,451-465.
25. Boston School Committee. (Ed.). (1890). Dorchester celebration: 250th anniversary of the establishment of the first public school in Dorchester, June 22, 1889. Boston, MA: Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers.
26. Bowen, F. (1857). Memoir of Edmund Dwight. In H. Barnard (Ed.), American Journal of Education (Vol. 4, pp. 5-22). Hartford, CT: F. C. Brownell.
27. Brooks, C. (1864). Two lectures: I. history of the introduction of state normal schools in America, II. a prospective system of national education for the United States. Boston, MA: J. Wilson and Son.
28. Brooks, C. (1837). Petition in behalf of elementary school teachers’ seminaries. In H. Barnard (Ed.), The American journal of education (vol. 17, pp. 647-650). Boston, MA: Joseph H. Allen.
29. Buckingham, J. T., & Buckingham, E. (1832). The New England magazine (Vol. 3). Boston, MA: J. T. & E. Buckingham.
30. Carter, J. G. (1826). Essays upon popular education: Containing a particular examination of the schools of Massachusetts, and an outline of an institution for the education of teachers. Boston, MA: Bowles & Dearborn.
31. Carter, J. G. (1830). On the development of the intellectual faculties and on the teaching of geography. In American Institute of Instruction (Ed.), The introductory discourse and lectures: Delivered in Boston, before the convention of teachers, and other friends of education, assembled to form the American Institute of Instruction; August 1830 (pp. 57-94). Boston, MA: Hilliard, Gray, Little and Wilkins.
32. Clark, B. F. (1864). Prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors impracticable: The Maine law a failure a stringent license law the true policy. Lowell, MA: Stone & Huse.
33. Cowen, R.(2000).Comparing futures or comparing pasts?.Comparative Education,36,333-342.
34. Cremin, L. A.(Ed.)(1957).The republic and the school: Horace Mann on the education of free men.New York, NY:Teachers College, Columbia University.
35. Cubberley, E. P. (1947). Public education in the United States: A study and interpretation of American educational history. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
36. Culver, R. B. (1929). Horace Mann and religion in the Massachusetts public schools. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
37. Darling, A. B. (1925). Political changes in Massachusetts, 1824-1848: A study of liberal movements in politics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
38. Depaepe, M.(2012).Between educationalization and appropriation: Selected writings on the history of modern educational systems.Leuven, Belgium:Leuven University Press.
39. Department for Education(2010).The importance of teaching: The schools white paper 2010.
40. Department for Education. (2013). The national curriculum. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/national-curriculum
41. Dexter, E. G. (1906). A history of education in the United States. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
42. Dunn, W. K.(1958).What happened to religious education? The decline of religious teaching in the public elementary school, 1776-1861.Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins Press.
43. Elsbree, W. S. (1939). The American teacher: Evolution of a profession in a democracy. New York, NY: American Book Company.
44. European Education and Culture Executive Agency. (2019). Germany ongoing reforms and policy developments. Retrieved from https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/ongoing-reforms-and-policy-developments-25_en
45. Everett, E. (1839). At the opening of the normal school at Barre. In H. Barnard (Ed.), Normal schools, and other institutions, agencies, and means designed for the professional education of teachers (pp. 179-194). Hartford, CT: Case, Tiffany, and Company.
46. Finn, R. P.(1970).Massachusetts,Boston College.
47. Flaherty, T. F.,Flaherty, J. J.(1974).,未出版
48. Fuess, C. M. (1917). An old New England school: A history of Phillips Academy Andover. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Co.
49. Gregory, J. M. (1881). Is there a science of education? Education: An International Magazine, 1, 384-387.
50. Hanushek, E. A.(1992).The trade-off between child quantity and quality.Journal of Political Economy,100(1),84-117.
51. Hanushek, E. A.(1971).Teacher characteristics and gains in student achievement: Estimation using micro data.American Economic Review,60(2),280-288.
52. Harper, C. A. (1939). A century of public teacher education: The story of the state teachers colleges as they evolved from the normal schools. Washington, D. C.: American Association of Teacher Colleges Press.
53. Herbst, J.(1989).And sadly teach: Teacher education and professionalization in American culture.Madison, WI:University of Wisconsin Press.
54. Heyman, R.(1979).Comparative education from an ethno‐methodological perspective.Comparative Education,15(3),241-249.
55. Hinsdale, B. A. (1898). Horace Mann and the common school revival in the United States. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
56. Hofstetter, R.,Schneuwly, B.(2002).Institutionalisation of educational sciences and the dynamics of their development.European Educational Research Journal,1(1),3-26.
57. Kaestle, C. F.(1983).Pillars of the republic: Common schools and American society, 1780-1860.New York, NY:Hill and Wang.
58. Lagemann, E. C.(2000).An elusive science: The troubling history of education research.Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
59. Lucas, C. J.(1999).Teacher education in America: Reform agendas for the twenty-first century.New York, NY:St. Martin’s Press.
60. Mangun, V. L. (1928). The American normal school: Its rise and development in Massachusetts. Baltimore, MD: Warwick & York.
61. Mann, H. (Ed.). (1840). The common school journal (Vol. 2). Boston, MA: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb.
62. Mann, H. (Ed.). (1891c). Life and works of Horace Mann (Vol. 4). Boston, MA: Lee and Shepard.
63. Mann, H. (Ed.). (1839). The common school journal (Vol. 1). Boston, MA: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb.
64. Mann, H. (Ed.). (1891b). Life and works of Horace Mann (Vol. 2). Boston, MA: Lee and Shepard.
65. Mann, M. (Ed.). (1891a). Life and works of Horace Mann (Vol. 1). Boston, MA: Lee and Shepard.
66. Martin, G. H. (1904). The evolution of the Massachusetts public school system: A historical sketch. New York, NY: D. Appleton.
67. Massachusetts. (1789). An act to provide for the instruction of youth, and for the promotion of good education (Chap. 0019). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2452/104521
68. Massachusetts Board of Education. (1873). Thirty-sixth annual report of the board of education together with the thirty-sixth annual report of the secretary of the board. Boston, MA: Wright & Potter.
69. Massachusetts General Court House of Representatives. (1840a). Minority report of the committee on education regarding the abolishment of the board of education and normal schools (House Bill 0053). Retrieved from http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/750636
70. Massachusetts General Court House of Representatives. (1837). Memorial of the directors of the American Institute of Instruction (House Bill 0012). Retrieved from http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/749900
71. Massachusetts General Court House of Representatives. (1838). Report and resolves relative to qualifying teachers of common schools (House Bill 0057). Retrieved from http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/750011
72. Massachusetts General Court House of Representatives. (1840b). Report of the committee on education, including an act to abolish the board of education (House Bill 0049). Retrieved from http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/750632
73. Mattingly, P. H.(1975).The classless profession: American schoolmen in the nineteenth century.New York, NY:New York University Press.
74. Messerli, J.(1965).James G. Carter’s liabilities as a common school reformer.History of Education Quarterly,5(1),14-25.
75. Messerli, J.(1972).Horace Mann: A biography.New York, NY:Alfred A. Knopf.
76. Miller, G. F. (1922). The academy system of the State of New York. Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon Company Printers.
77. Morton, M. (1840). Address of his excellency, Marcus Morton: To the two branches of the legislature on the organization of the government for the political year commencing January 1, 1840. Boston, MA: Dutton and Wentworth.
78. Neem, J. N.(2017).Democracy’s schools: The rise of public education in America.Baltimore, MD:John Hopkins University Press.
79. New York State. (1841). Laws of the state of New-York of a general nature, passed, from 1828, to 1841, inclusive. Rochester, NY: T. H. Hyatt.
80. Norton, A. O.(Ed.)(1969).The first state normal school in America: The journals of Cyrus Peirce and Mary Swift.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
81. Ogren, C. A.(2005).American state normal school: An instrument of great good.New York, NY:Palgrave Macmillan.
82. Otis, H. G., Dexter, F. D., Hallett, B. F., & Massachusetts General Court. (1839). Investigation into the fifteen-gallon law of Massachusetts: Before a joint committee of the legislature. Boston, MA: J. H. Buckingham.
83. Peirce, C. (1851). What Peirce aimed to accomplish: Letter to Henry Barnard, 1851. In A. O. Norton (Ed.), The first state normal school in America: The journals of Cyrus Peirce and Mary Swift (pp.278-285). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
84. Peirce, C. (1839). The journal of Cyrus Peirce: The second term, October 16, 1839-January 14, 1840. In A. O. Norton (Ed.), The first state normal school in America: The journals of Cyrus Peirce and Mary Swift (pp.10-24). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
85. Peirce, C. (1840a). The journal of Cyrus Peirce: The fourth term, May 1-August 11, 1840. In A. O. Norton (Ed.), The first state normal school in America: The journals of Cyrus Peirce and Mary Swift (pp.39-51). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
86. Peirce, C. (1840b). The journal of Cyrus Peirce: The second term, October 16, 1839-January 14, 1840. In A. O. Norton (Ed.), The first state normal school in America: The journals of Cyrus Peirce and Mary Swift (pp.10-24). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
87. Peirce, C. (1840c). The journal of Cyrus Peirce: The third term, January 16-April 14, 1840. In A. O. Norton (Ed.), The first state normal school in America: The journals of Cyrus Peirce and Mary Swift (pp.25-38). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
88. Phillips, D.,Ochs, K.(2004).Researching policy borrowing: Some methodological challenges in comparative education.British Educational Research Journal,30(6),773-784.
89. Popkewitz, T. S.(Ed.)(2005).Inventing the modern self and John Dewey: Modernities and the traveling of pragmatism in education.New York, NY:Palgrave Macmillan.
90. Popkewitz, T. S.(Ed.)(2013).Rethinking the history of education: Transnational perspectives on its questions, methods, and knowledge.New York, NY:Palgrave Macmillan.
91. Rivkin, S. G.,Hanushek, E. A.,Kain, J. F.(2005).Teachers, schools, and academic achievement.Econometrica,73(2),417-458.
92. Rogers, D.(1961).Oswego: Fountainhead of teacher education; a century in the Sheldon tradition.New York, NY:Appleton-Century-Crofts.
93. Royce, R. (1891). Is there a science of education? Educational Review, 1, 15-25.
94. Rudy, W.(1954).America’s first formal school: The formative years.Journal of Teacher Education,5(4),263-270.
95. Sizer, T. R.(Ed.)(1964).The age of the academies.New York, NY:Teachers College.
96. Steiner-Khamsi, G.(2014).Cross-national policy borrowing: Understanding reception and translation.Asia Pacific Journal of Education,34(2),153-167.
97. The Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. (1832). Annual report of the regents of the University of the State of New York made to the Legislature. Albany, NY: Croswell, Van Benthuysen and Burt.
98. Ticknor, G. (1824). A review of the letters to the honorable William Prescott, L.L.D., on the free schools of New England. North American Review, 19(45), 448-457.
99. U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). Retrieved from https://www.ed.gov/essa?src=rn
100. University of the State of New York. (1841). Fifty-fourth annual report of the regents of the university of the State of New York. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York.
101. Williams, E. I. F. (1937). Horace Mann, educational statesman. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company
102. 教育部（2016）。中華民國教師專業標準指引。取自https://ws.moe.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=C099358C81D4876CC76BC3215266429688C51908E957AA46905E6341D56A62851A40314B0A05FF07E70DA98A9E44900B9497C0A93BAC587500E24A292E10A6A2BB65507F43766DDB&n=07811C61371B5CA54CBEC56434173F52A8A9D5D76F836A5F3A5AE1424291856B3166B4CDA71986395175AA5CC6480592&icon=..pdf [Ministry of Education. (2016). Professional standards and guidelines for teachers in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved From Ministry of Education Web site: https://ws.moe.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=C099358C81D4876CC76BC3215266429688C51908E957AA46905E6341D56A62851A40314B0A05FF07E70DA98A9E44900B9497C0A93BAC587500E24A292E10A6A2BB65507F43766DDB&n=07811C61371B5CA54CBEC56434173F52A8A9D5D76F836A5F3A5AE1424291856B3166B4CDA71986395175AA5CC6480592&icon=..pdf]
103. 彭煥勝, H. -S.(2011)。我國小學師資培育政策的百年回顧與前瞻。市北教育學刊，39，79-101。
104. 楊深坑, S. -K.(2007)。德國師資培育中心歷史發展與組織結構。教育研究與發展，3(1)，35-55。

1. 黃騰(2022)。什麼才是他／她要的幸福？從能動性角度探討新住民子女教育的可能性。教育實踐與研究，35(1)，75-111。