歐洲霸權戰爭(1494-1714)　兩個世界體系理論之比較分析

A Comparative Analysis of Two World-System Theories on the Wars of European Hegemonies (1494-1714)

10.30174/JSS.200712.0005

郭盛哲(Sheng-Che Kuo)

戰爭 ； 霸權戰爭 ； 戰爭社會學 ； 世界經濟理論 ； 長周期理論 ； war ； hegemonic war ； sociology of war ； world-economy theory ； long-cycle theory

國家與社會

3期（2007 / 12 / 01）

183 - 215

繁體中文

本文比較社會學的世界經濟理論與政治學的長周期理論對於歐洲1494至1714年之間霸權戰爭的論述。研究結果發現，兩個理論分別在不同的霸權戰爭有較強的解釋力。第一，世界經濟理論較爲正確的指出，1494年的義大利戰爭不能算是葡萄牙取得霸權地位的戰爭。第二，長周期理論較爲正確地的指出，荷蘭成爲霸權的關鍵應是稍早的獨立戰爭，而不是後來的三十年戰爭。第三，對於西班牙王位繼承戰爭是否可作爲英國取得第一次霸權的開始，兩個理論均有合理陳述，因此尚難定論。本文建議使用「準霸權」的概念來描述這個時期的英國。本文在結論當中也根據這些發現，對這段時期的霸權戰爭現象提出一些整體的觀察：第一，葡萄牙霸權的特殊性在於它並非通過霸權戰爭而取得霸權地位；第二，荷蘭霸權與霸權戰爭的關係呈現相當獨特的類型：贏得霸權戰爭的同時，卻是衰退的開始；第三，十七世紀中期起至十八世紀末，儘管英國在與法國的競爭中逐漸勝出，但本時期仍然是個缺乏明顯霸權戰爭的時期。

The arguments between Two world-system theories, the world-economy theory and the long-cycle theory, were compared by focusing on their different arguments on European hegemonic wars between 1494 and 1714. Our findings show that each theory contributes to a better interpretation on a certain hegemonic war. The world-economy theory's argument is more persuasive by suggesting that Italian wars should not qualify as a hegemonic war. On the other hand, the long-cycle theory's argument is more persuasive by pointing out the Dutch war of Independence as the beginning of Dutch hegemony rather than the Thirty Years' War suggested by the world-economy theory. However, no conclusion can be made to decide whether the Spanish Succession War can be qualified as England's beginning of her first hegemony in the eighteenth century, since two theories both make reasonable arguments. Several general observations based on these findings are proposed in the conclusion to show the unique characteristics of hegemonic wars during this early stage of European World-System.

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