環境殖民到環境難民：小林村滅村啓示

Environmental Colonialism to Environmental Refugee: The Story of Xiaolin Village

10.30174/JSS.201012.0001

呂理德(Li-Teh Lu)

環境殖民 ； 環境難民 ； 莫拉克颱風 ； 小林村 ； Morakot Flood ； Environmental Colonialism ； Environmental Refugee ； Xiaolin Village ； Sirayans

國家與社會

9期（2010 / 12 / 01）

1 - 31

繁體中文

2009年8月8日下午15時30分許，莫拉克颱風侵襲台灣，8月9日清晨6點09分小林地區共有一百多戶人家，全數遭洪水及土石流覆滅，有491人失蹤，目前均已列為死亡人口。 小林村人口約1600名，有小林、五里埔、雙連堀、錫安山等聚落，其中大部份人口居於小林聚落，小林地形為土壤肥沃的河流沖積扇地形，居民務農為主，該處八成以上為平埔族西拉雅系大滿族人，也有少部分布農族、閩南人。 西拉雅族(Siraya)為台灣原住民，台灣清治時期稱之為「平埔熟番」，現代稱之為平埔族。西拉雅族是台灣平埔族中人口最多、勢力最強的一族，主要分佈在嘉南平原到恆春半島之間。平埔族人早期原本散居在台灣沿海地區，清朝康熙、乾隆年間，漢移民大量移入台灣，漢人乃與平埔族爭地，造成平埔族的大遷徙。小林村民多數屬少數原住民平埔族西拉雅族，在日治時代就因日本政府掃蕩台灣南部的民變，就被集體要求遷徙至小林村。 小林村原本是就屬於堆積扇上，而當地地質又屬順向坡，地質條件就不好，在日治時期大量砍伐原始樟木林，種植香蕉、生薑等不利水土保持農作物，造成該山坡地不穩定，加上雨量太大所終釀致全村幾全遭滅村的不幸慘劇，成為環境難民。 從殖民到難民，八八水災只是將此一問題凸顯出來而已。本文擬從八八水災小林村滅村前因後果，以西拉雅人被迫前往一個環境脆弱地區討生活的悲哀，探討環境難民的課題。

During the onslaught of typhoon Morakot which attacked Taiwan around 15:30 on August 8(superscript th) 2009, there were over one hundred families buried in the mudslide and 491 people missing who are now considered dead. The population of Xiaolin Village was about 1,600 eighty percent of who are of Taivoran, system of Siraya, Pingpu tribes. Most of the population dwelling in Xiaolin village mailly lives on farming. The rest of the residents were partially of Bunon tribe and were Min Nan people. Siraya, or the Pingpu tribe nowadays belonging to Taiwanese aborigines, were called ”Pingpu civilized savages” in Chin Dynasty. During the civil commotion in South Taiwan under Japanese government, they were asked to move collectively to Xiaolin Village. Xiaolin Village was originally located at a hazard zone composed of dip slope and debris-flow fan. A large number of original camphor forests were felled during Japanese Colonial Period, and then replaced by banana and ginger plantations which had adverse impacts on soil and water conservation; leading to even worse and unstable slopes. Therefore, when torrential rain kept falling, the whole village was flooded finally buried under mudslide. From colonization to environmental refugees, Morakot Flood highlights the issue of environmental justice. The paper analyzes the causes and effects of the flood and illustrates the sorrow of the Sirayans' forced migrations past and present.

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