張載哲學體系的基本哲學問題詮釋進路

A Study of Chang Tsai's Philosophical System through the Analytical Approach of Basic Philosophical Questions

10.29699/FJPS.200407.0007

杜保瑞(Bau-Ruei Du)

張載 ； 正蒙 ； 聖人 ； 宇宙論 ； 本體論 ； 功夫論 ； 境界論 ； 氣質之性 ； 天地之性 ； Chang Tsai ； Sage ； Neo-Confucianism ； Human Nature

哲學論集

37期（2004 / 07 / 01）

267 - 321

繁體中文

張載是北宋諸儒中建立儒學理論體系最為完備的一位哲學家，張載論說宇宙論及本體論，也論說功夫論及境界論，本文即從上述四項基本哲學問題的詮釋進路，說明張載在儒學理論建構中具有創造性貢獻的觀念，從而彰顯張載哲學的理論價值。行文首先從《正蒙》篇章主旨說起，由於《正蒙》是張載晚年結論之作，他所有的觀念重點都在此處有了完整的展示。接下來針對張載特殊討論或使用的若干哲學概念術語進行解說，包括「太和」、「太虛」、「神化」、「鬼神」、「天」、「氣質之性」、「天地之性」、「成性」等，藉由張載哲學術語特殊使用意義的陳述，事先釐清他的主張的要點。接下來即以哲學基本問題的四方架構為詮釋進路以討論張載哲學體系，包括：「實有不虛」「作用神妙」的本體論；「陰陽往來」「鬼神不存」的氣化宇宙論；「大心無我」「盡性知命」的功夫論；「大化天德」「聖不可知」的境界論。最後，本文以張載批判道佛的幾個重點作為討論的結束。

The neo-Confucianism is a flow of theoretical development through many philosophers and their philosophical systems. There surely have many differences between each of them. But since the evoked of the neo-Confucianism is for the purpose to against the Buddhism and the Daoism, then the difference between them is still based on the same ground. That is the whole system of the Confucianism. In this respective, the author tries to tell one of the philosophical systems to present its theoretical contents through the approach of the four basic philosophical questions. Chang Tsai was the top one in the north-song Confucians. He is full of creative and speculative ability of philosophy. He creative and develops the Confucianism's theory in all the dimensions of the four basic philosophy questions. In cosmology, he built a Chi(氣) university to tell the phenomena is changing all the time. In ontology, he insisted the world is the reality itself in order to fight with the theory of the Buddhism and the Daoism. In theory of practice, he told to open one's mind to treat all things in the world and never be selfish. In theory of perfect personality, he said the position of the Sage is equally to the heaven and not easy to be aware by the public. Based on the above statements, Chang Tsai criticized the Buddhism and the Daoism in three dimensions. They are the first, the Buddhism thinks the world is not the reality; the second, the Lao-tzu thinks the universe comes from non-being; and the third, the Chuang-tzu thinks the people could run for the immortal life.

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