英文摘要
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During the Ming dynasty, Chinese paintings were transmitted to Japan and became an essential visual source for Japanese paintings of the Edo period (1615-1867). Kanō Tan'yū (1602-1674), a leading artist of the early Edo Kanō School, spent his lifetime copying numerous earlier Chinese paintings, as well as some Japanese and Korean works. He left thousands of small-size copies, called Tan'yū shukuzu [Tan'yū's Reduced-size Sketches], leaving a lasting impact on the Japanese painting realm. They were made for multiple purposes, which include painting models, authentication notes, teaching materials, and as symbols of a painter's professional status. Sanko Minagawa's research survey indicates the existence of more than 107 sketches of Chinese female images as one of the major subjects in Tan'yū shukuzu. This paper focuses on Tan'yū's copies of Chinese female-figure paintings (often called tobijinzu, "pictures of Chinese beauties," in Japanese) that, albeit sharing similarities, were beyond the scope of paintings in the shinü tu or meiren hua genre (paintings of beautiful ladies) in Chinese art. It discusses the reproduction mechanism of shukuzu in comparison with the Chinese fenben practice. It also examines the attributed Chinese artists' signatures copied by Tan'yū in shukuzu, e.g., Qiu Ying and Tang Yin (famed for beautiful women paintings), Zhao Mengfu and Zhao Yong (no extant authentic female-figure paintings), and it identifies the late Ming Suzhou Pian workshop as an important original Chinese source. It provides a fresh angle to approach the perception of Chinese "forgery" paintings and the long-term use of shukuzu in re-making and reinterpreting Chinese paintings in Edo Japan from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. Through two case studies from a transcultural perspective, it shows the combination of two Chinese pictorial systems, gengzhi tu (Pictures of Tilling and Weaving) and shinü tu, in a Kanō School scroll; furthermore, it demonstrates the transformation of the Queen Mother of the West from a powerful female Daoist immortal signified by peaches of immortality to a secularized beautiful lady holding peach blossoms in Kanō School paintings.
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