從北魏與南朝戰爭看河南四鎮的戰略地位

Observations of the Strategic Position of the Four Towns in Henan from the Wars between the North Wei and Southern Dynasties

10.6284/NPUSTHSSR.2016.10(2)4

蔡金仁(Chin-Jen Tsai)

河南四鎮 ； 北魏 ； 南朝 ； 戰爭 ； 戰略 ； Four towns in Henan ； North Wei ； Southern dynasties ； War ； Strategy

人文社會科學研究

10卷2期（2016 / 06 / 30）

63 - 84

繁體中文

河南四鎮在北魏與南朝對峙期間，一直是雙方爭戰的焦點，因此形成所謂的戰爭熱區，何方佔有四鎮，便容易形成戰略優勢。南朝據之，可以黃河為天險抗拒北魏；北魏佔之，黃河便不再是魏軍渡河的阻礙，且可以四鎮為南伐的前進據點。四鎮在劉宋初年全部屬於劉宋，之後遭北魏併吞，此後北魏即長期控有四鎮。而南朝為了挽回戰略劣勢，歷代均為爭奪四鎮與北魏爆發戰爭，雖曾奪回四鎮，但總是短暫的佔有，不久後又遭北魏奪回。本文以北魏與南朝在四鎮的戰爭為基礎，首先分析四鎮的地理形勢，說明其周遭山河、關隘等分布情形，接著詳述北魏與南朝環繞在四鎮的戰爭，透過雙方交戰的過程，解析四鎮對南北雙方各自的軍事價值及其在南北分裂時期的戰略地位。

In the North Wei and Southern dynasties, the four towns in Henan had always been the focus of the fighting between the two sides. Thus the four towns formed a so-called hot war zone. Whoever occupied the four towns will have a strategic advantage. When the Southern dynasties occupied the four towns, they could take the advantage of the Yellow River as a natural barrier to resist the North Wei; when the North Wei occupied the four towns, the Yellow River will no longer be a hindrance for North Wei crossing the river. Instead, the North Wei can use the four towns as a forward base to attack the South. The four towns all belonged to Liu Song in the early years of Liu Song. Later they were annexed by the North Wei, since then the long-term control of four towns in the hands of the North Wei. To restore the strategic advantage, the Southern dynasties attacked the four towns, although they had recaptured the towns four times, but their possession of the towns was very short, since the North Wei recaptured the towns again. Exploring the four towns against the background of wars between the North Wei and Southern dynasties, this studyfirst analyzes the geographical positions of the four towns, indicating their surrounding mountains and rivers, fortress and other distribution situation, describing the wars taking place between the twowarring parties and examining the military value and strategic position of the four towns to both parties.

1. 胡勝源(2012)。河陰之變新探：以尒朱榮為中心的討論。國立政治大學歷史學報，38，1-50。
   連結：
2. (1986)。景印文淵閣四庫全書。臺北:臺灣商務印書館。
3. (1986)。景印文淵閣四庫全書。臺北:臺灣商務印書館。
4. 北宋司馬光(1982)。資治通鑑。臺北:西南書局。
5. 北宋歐陽忞(1985)。輿地廣記。北京:中華書局。
6. 北魏楊衒之(1994)。洛陽伽藍記。臺北:三民書局。
7. 北魏魏收(1998)。魏書。臺北:鼎文書局。
8. 北魏酈道元注、楊守敬疏、熊會貞疏(1989)。水經注疏。南京:江蘇古籍出版社。
9. 西漢司馬遷(1985)。史記。臺北:天工書局。
10. 唐令狐德棻(1997)。周書。北京:中華書局。
11. 唐李吉甫(1979)。元和郡縣圖志。京都:中文出版社。
12. 唐李延壽(1991)。南史。臺北:鼎文書局。
13. 唐房玄齡(2003)。晉書。北京:中華書局。
14. 唐姚思廉(2006)。梁書。北京:中華書局。
15. 梁沈約(2006)。宋書。北京:中華書局。
16. 清顧祖禹(1981)。讀史方輿紀要。臺北:洪氏出版社。
17. 吳少珉(1983)。試論北魏「河陰之變」。史學月刊，1983(1)，26-29。
18. 宋大川、夏連保(1991)。北魏河陰之變述論。晉陽學刊，1991(5)，65-69。
19. 蔡金仁(2011)。北魏與劉宋戰略關係研究－從國家戰略觀點的解析（下）。新北:花木蘭文化出版社。