A Preliminary Study of Rhetorical Democracy

修辭民主之芻議

10.6284/NPUSTHSSR.2016.10(3)3

胡全威(Chuan-Wei Hu)

修辭 ； 說服 ； 民主 ； 審議民主 ； rhetoric ； persuasion ； democracy ； deliberative democracy

人文社會科學研究

10卷3期（2016 / 09 / 30）

40 - 60

英文

由於環境的變遷，當代民主產生許多新的面貌。本文主張以「修辭式民主」最能掌握當前民主政治的特色，同時也可以作為提醒民主運作弊端的重要概念。本文首先說明，修辭式民主中的修辭概念源自古希臘雅典，當時的民主大會中，只有具備修辭技巧者，才能在公民大會上扼要陳述重點並且與人辯駁、說服在場的觀眾。然而隨著人口增加、地域擴大，甚至民主體制的中斷，後來的民主政治政治再次出現時，已經是採行代議民主、共和體制。然而，隨著當代網路興起、電子媒體的蓬勃發展，民主又有了新面貌，本文稱之為「修辭式民主」。亦即，更強調政治人物與公眾間的溝通、交流，同時也有更多的互動。為了凸顯此種概念的特質，本文並與當前盛行的「審議民主」進行比較。本文認為修辭式民主是一個更為務實、更能凸顯當前民主體制的一種概念。順著修辭式民主的優缺點，本文認為值得推廣此一概念，方便使人們容易了解當前民主運作的特色以及可能的弊端。

Many changes happened and are happening to modern democracy and these shifting matters make our democracy express a new form. This paper argues that ＂rhetorical democracy＂ is an appropriate term to define today's democracy for being able to grasp new features, better normative values, and alerting connotation. First, I trace the prototype of rhetorical democracy, which originated from the ancient Greek and analyze its tenets in which persuasion and judgment are the two main focuses. In order to contrast attributes of rhetorical democracy, I compare it with deliberative democracy in four aspects. Deliberative democracy is a prevailing democratic theory and many scholars are devoted to its theory and practice. In comparison, I argue that rhetorical democracy is more practical and in some aspects, even more desirable. After that, I discuss the negative connotation of rhetorical democracy. Finally, I conclude that rhetorical democracy can help us understand present democracy better, choose proper targets and therefore, we should offer a corresponding civic education to the new democracy.

1. Hu, Chuan-wei(2013)。Persuasion and Judgment: Modern Democracy from the Perspective of Classical Rhetoric。Taiwanese Journal of Political Science，55，1-32。
   連結：
2. Blair, T. (2007). Our Nation's Future-Public Life. Speech of Prime Minister. Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20060213205517/number10.gov.uk/page11923
3. Laertius, D. (1853). The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (C. D. Yonger., Trans.). London: Henry G. Bohn
4. Arendt, H.(1990).Philosophy and Politics.Social research,57(1),73-103.
5. Aristotle,Kennedy, George Alexander(Trans.)(1991).On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse.New York:Oxford University Press.
6. Aristotle,Lord, C.(Trans.)(1984).The Politics.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
7. Aristotle,Sachs, J.(Trans.)(2002).Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics.Newburyport:R. Pullins.
8. Baber, W. F.,Bartlett, R. V.(2005).Deliberative environmental politics: democracy and ecological rationality.Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press.
9. Berry, David(Ed.),Theobald, John(Ed.)(2006).Radical mass media criticism: a cultural genealogy.Montreal:Black Rose Books.
10. Bohman, J.(1996).Public deliberation: pluralism, complexity, and democracy.Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press.
11. Bohman, J.,Rehg, W.(1997).Deliberative democracy: essays on reason and politics.Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press.
12. Bohman, James(Ed.),Rehg, William(Ed.)(1997).Deliberative Democracy: Essays on reason and Politics.Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press.
13. Chambers, Simone(2009).Rhetoric and the Public Sphere: Has Deliberative Democracy Abandoned Mass Democracy?.Political Theory,37(3),323-350.
14. Dahl, R. A.(1998).On democracy.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
15. Davis, A.(2010).Political communication and social theory.Abingdon, Oxon:Routledge.
16. Dewey, J.(1954).The Public and Its Problems.Athens, Ohio:Swallow Press.
17. Donovan, B. R.(1993).The Project of Protagoras.Rhetoric Society Quarterly,1(23),35-47.
18. Druckman, J. N.(2003).The Power of Television Images: The First Kennedy-Nixon Debate Revisited.The Journal of Politics,65(2),559-571.
19. Dryzek, J. S.(2010).Rhetoric in Democracy: A Systemic Appreciation.Political Theory,38(3),319-339.
20. Dryzek, J. S.(2000).Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
21. Dworkin, R.(2000).Sovereign virtue : the theory and practice of equality.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
22. Fontana, Benedetto(Ed.),Nederman, Cary J.(Ed.),Remer, Gary(Ed.)(2004).Talking Democracy: Historical Perspectives on Rhetoric and Democracy.University Park, Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press.
23. Fontana, Benedetto(Ed.),Nederman, Cary J.(Ed.),Remer, Gary(Ed.)(2004).Talking Democracy : Historical Perspectives on Rhetoric and Democracy.University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press.
24. Friedland, L. A.(1996).Electronic democracy and the new citizenship.Media, Culture & Society,18(2),185-212.
25. Garsten, B.(2006).Saving persuasion: a defense of rhetoric and judgment.Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
26. Gilligan, C.(1993).In a different voice: psychological theory and women's development.Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
27. Gutmann, A.,Thompson, D.(2004).Why deliberative democracy?.Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press.
28. Habermas, J.(2006).Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research1.Communication Theory,16(4),411-426.
29. Hauser, G. A.(2004).Rhetorical Democracy and Civic Engagement.Rhetorical Democracy: Discursive Practices of Civic Engagement,Mahwah:
30. Hauser, G. A.,Benoit-Barne, C.(2002).Reflections on Rhetoric, Deliberative Democracy, Civil Society, and Trust.Rhetoric & Public Affairs,5(2),261-275.
31. Hauser, G. A.,Grim, A.(2004).Rhetorical Democracy: Discursive Practices of Civic Engagement.Mahwah:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
32. Heywood, A.(2013).Politics.Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan.
33. Lippmann, W.(1998).Public opinion.London:Transaction Publishers.
34. Machiavelli, N.,Mansfield, H. C.(1985).The prince.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
35. Manin, B.(1987).On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation.Political Theory,15(3),338-368.
36. Melissen, J.(2005).The new public diplomacy.Palgrave Macmillan.
37. Mill, J. S.(2001).On Liberty.Kitchener:Batoche Books.
38. Minow, N. N.,LaMay, C. L.(2008).Inside the presidential debates: their improbable past and promising future.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
39. Morris, D.(1999).The new prince: Machiavelli updated for the twenty-first century.Los Angeles, CA:Renaissance Books.
40. Mouffe, C.(1999).Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?.Social Research,66(3),745-758.
41. O'Neill, J.(2002).The rhetoric of deliberation: Some problems in Kantian theories of deliberative democracy.Res Publica,8(3),249-268.
42. Plato,Bloom, A. D.(Trans.)(1991).The Republic of Plato.New York:Basic Books.
43. Plato,Nichols, James H., Jr.(Trans.)(1998).Phaedrus.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
44. Plato,Nichols, James H., Jr.(Trans.)(1998).Gorgias.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
45. Rawls, J.(2003).Justice as Fairness: a Restatement.Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
46. Sandel, M. J.(2009).Justice: what's the right thing to do?.New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
47. Sanders, K.(2009).Communicating politics in the twenty-first century.Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan.
48. Seib, P. M.(2012).Real-time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
49. Skinner, Q.(1996).Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
50. Starr, C. G.(1990).The birth of Athenian democracy: the Assembly in the fifth century B.C..New York:Oxford University Press.
51. Stoker, G.(2006).Why politics matters: making democracy work.Houndmills [England]:Palgrave Macmillan.
52. Strauss, L.(1968).Liberalism Ancient and Modern.New York:Basic Books.
53. Strömbäck, Jesper(Ed.),Kiousis, Spiro(Ed.)(2011).Political public relations: principles and applications.New York:Routledge.
54. Tapscott, D.(2009).Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation is Changing Your World.New York:McGraw Hill.
55. Thucydides,Warner, Rex(Trans.)(1979).History of the Peloponnesain War.Penguin Books.
56. Tocqueville, A. D.,Mansfield, Harvey C.(ed. Trans.),Winthrop, Delba(ed. Trans.)(2000).Democracy in America.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
57. Tulis, J.(1987).The Rhetorical Presidency.Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press.
58. Verba, S.,Schlozman, K. L.,Brady, H. E.(1995).Voice and equality: civic voluntarism in American politics.Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
59. Yack, B.(2006).Rhetoric and Public Reasoning: An Aristotelian Understanding of Political Deliberation.Political Theory,34(4),417-438.