英文摘要
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Taiwanese Opera (Ge Zi Xi), born in Taiwan, is one of traditional dramas known to have originated in Taiwan, and has been around for hundreds of years ever since. Derived from Minnan (southern Fujian) countryside ballads, popular tunes, and Che Gu Zhen (literally, “cart drum”opera), Taiwanese Opera is a composite of local customs, thoughts and cultures. Singing “ge zi (songs)” is the major way to perform Taiwanese opera, and those songs (ge zi) sung by performers serve as history books that lead us into the years of Taiwanese opera development. The genre of those songs (ge zi) came in a wide variety of tunes, such as za nian tunes, begging tunes (qi shi diao), duma tunes and among which “seven-word tune (qi zi diao)” is one of the most important basic tunes in the early days of Taiwanese opera. “Seven-word tune”was called“qi zi zi”in its early days, and was sung upon dialectic ballads. A line was composed of seven words, and four lines form a“pa”(a piece) of song, which is the“qi zi diao”. The syllabus of each line is 2 2 2 1. Two lines make a complete sentence, the former of which charges the oblique tones, while the latter charges even tones. It's very common that every line rhymes, which belongs to the standard form. However, since folk singers/performers at that time had not cultivated to strictly follow the rules and forms of classical poetic composition, some lyrics did not rhyme at all, or either the first or third line did not rhyme, which were called the variation. Therefore, lyrics of qi zi diao only met a few standards of the eight rules for the tunes to which songs are composed. And since they are not so strictly composed, the music became less exquisite. In qi zi diao, ci qing (lyric affection) and sheng qing (sound affection) should work together to bring out the best in each other. With that in mind, composers first compose the music by catering for “sheng qing”, in return, the music should manifest “ci qing”, and then musical instrument heighten the lyrics overall. At last, performers express the songs through singing by integrating their own personal tone color, tones, acquired skills, and comprehension to the lyrics and prospect, That is their music for voices in Taiwanese opera (chang qiang). Accordingly, if qi zi diao was sung by the same singer with different lyrics, there would be different chang qiang due to different sheng qing; while if one song sung by different singers, there would be different chang qiang as well. Therefore, singers have plenty of space for freely exercising and singing qi zi diao. As everyone's qi zi diao is different from one another's, the quantity of qi zi diao is big. As mentioned above, qi zi diao is not so exquisite; on the contrary, it's more flexible and free, which is actually the characteristic of all the folk ballads. As a result, field collectors should not use the single sample as the research subject, because that would lead to bias and incorrect research consequence. This study will explain to you the phenomenon for drama and music circle's reference.
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