英文摘要
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In the past three decades, Taiwan has witnessed a popular practice of adapting western canonical works into various types of xiqu (traditional opera) performances. Among these numerous adaptations, probably only the three plays of Taiwan Bangzi Opera Company's Shakespeare's Trilogy have followed a consistent set of principles of adaptation, developed by their adaptors Perng Ching-Hsi and Chen Fang. These three works, Bond (2009) adapted from The Merchant of Venice, Measure, Measure! (2012) from Measure for Measure, and Questioning Heaven (2015) from King Lear, with the setting transferred to ancient feudal China, strive to be as close to the essence of the original as possible, and aim to achieve a high literary quality due to their great emphasis on the beauty of language in Shakespeare's works. From these principles, Chen Fang has further developed a system of adapting Shakespeare into xiqu and has applied this system in her critique of other intercultural xiqu performances. Such discourses need to be examined because they are not just adaptation strategies, but have formed a kind of theoretical criticism. In the first part of this article, I examine these principles of adaptation to uncover their hidden assumptions, explore the problems such strategies may cause, and provide different perspectives in terms of what counts as "literary quality" in theatre. In part two, I focus on one specific problem in Questioning Heaven-its urge to edify (or, exhibiting strong didactic intent) in the Chinese linguistic and cultural context. This urge limits the characterization of three main characters, who can play nothing else but loyal court officials and king, the most important in traditional Chinese human relations as taught by Confucius. Thus, the two loyal officials become stereotypes, the emotional intensity of King Lear is reduced, and the thought explored in the play is narrowed. In addition, the urge to edify arises not just from the strategies of using Chinese idioms, but also from what adaptor Chen Fang calls "the subjectivity of xiqu"-in content, following Confucian culture as always expressed in xiqu; and in performing, renovating the stage conventions within its recognizable frame. In the third and final part of this article, situating Questioning Heaven in the theatrical contexts of Taiwan-that is, the reform of xiqu and its fashionable trend of intercultural adaptation-I propose revisiting modern sensibility as a principle of adaptation, and more importantly, what the content of xiqu subjectivity could be in Taiwan here and now.
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