國際多邊貿易談判政治動能之研究：服務貿易建制形成之經驗及啓示

A Study on Political Momentum for Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Lessons from the Formation of Trade in Services Regime

10.30114/CGJHSS.201104.0003

周旭華(Hsu-Hua Chou)

WTO ； 談判 ； 政治動能 ； 權力結構 ； 服務貿易 ； WTO ； Negotiation ； Political Momentum ； Power Structure ； Trade in Services

長庚人文社會學報

4卷1期（2011 / 04 / 01）

93 - 117

繁體中文

本文從國際政治的角度，檢視1980年代國際多邊服務貿易建制創設之談判過程，藉以釐清在權力結構變化下，國際多邊貿易談判的政治動能問題。透過本文之考察發現，當年服務貿易建制形成之談判，由於形成了「美國領導，EC配合，印度及巴西不反對」之局面，因而獲得了推動議程所需要的政治動能。對於當前「世界貿易組織」(WTO)所面對的談判困境來說，這段昔日服務貿易建制形成的經驗，或許能提供若干啓示。WTO設立以來的第一個回合談判－杜哈發展議程，自2001年底展開迄今歷時九年，仍然無法終結此回合談判。從國際政治的角度觀之，政治動能不足，乃是造成談判遲滯的關鍵因素。而政治動能是否足夠，基本上取決於權力結構下主要行爲者之能力及意願。衡諸當今WTO下的權力新局，推動重大議程所需政治動能之產生，要靠美國與歐盟共同領導，加上新興開發中大國之配合。然而，形成此種局面殊非易事，這也正是突破杜哈議程談判困境的挑戰所在。

Taking an international political perspective, this paper examines the negotiation process of the formation of international trade in service regime during 1980s to illuminate the issue of political momentum in multilateral trade negotiations in the shadow of a changing power structure. The existence of a situation which was ”led by the US, supported by the EU and not opposed by India and Brazil” provided necessary political dynamism for moving the agenda on in 1980s. For the stalemated WTO Doha Agenda negotiations today, the experience in services regime formation 20 years ago may be inspiring. To provide necessary momentum for making breakthrough in major issues under current power structure, it is essential that the US and the EU should be willing to lead jointly and all those newly emerged developing powers should be willing to give full support.

1. 周旭華(2010)。多邊貿易談判的政治脈絡：國際關係理論作為WTO政策研究工具之初探。東吳政治學報，28(2)，153-206。
   連結：
2. 鍾從定(2004)。國際多邊談判分析。問題與研究，43(3)，135-153。
   連結：
3. Lynn, Jonathan (2009), “US Calls for New Approach in Doha Talks,” Reuters.Retrieved March 19, 2011, from http://in.reuters.com/article/idINLP41959320090625
4. WTO Secretariat, Services Sectoral Classification List, Doc. MTN.GNS/W/120, 10 July 1991.WTO Secretariat, Services Sectoral Classification List, Doc. MTN.GNS/W/120, 10 July 1991.,未出版
5. Palmer, Doug (2009), “EU Urges US to Take Leadership Role on Doha,” Reuters.Retrieved March 19, 2011, from http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1837962420090318
6. WTO, International Trade Statistics 2010: World trade developments in 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2011, from http://www.wto.org/English/res_e/statis_e/its2010_e/its10_world_trade_dev_e.htm
7. Jha, Lalit K (2010), “India, China, Brazil to decide Doha's fate: US,” Rediff Business,May 19, 2010. http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/may/19/wto-india-china-brazil-to-decide-dohas-fate-us.html
8. "Brazil, China, EU Press US to Step Up in Doha Negotiations," AFP. Retrieved March 19, 2011, from http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jH8Lob-XhBh7jzYAduATE97GvIOA?docId=CNG.5fd9d9aca2e24cbdb73350eb1197d306.961
9. WTO News, Lamy Urges Negotiators to Find “second wind” in Trade Talks, http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news_e.htm
10. Pelkmans, J. (2003), “Mutual Recognition in Goods and Services: An Economic Perspective,” European Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes Working Paper No.16.
11. Ahnlid, A.(1996).Comparing GATT and GATS: Regime Creation under and after Hegemony.Review of International Political Economy,3(1),65-94.
12. Commission of the European Communities(1985).Completing the Internal Market.
13. Drake, W.,Nicolaidis, K.(1992).Ideas, Interests, and Institutionalization: 'Trade in Services' and the Uruguay Round.International Organization,46,37-100.
14. European Court of Justice(1979).Case 120/78, Rewe-ZentralAGv. Bundesmonolverwaltungfur Branntwein.ECR,1979(649)
15. Feketekuty, G.(1988).International Trade in Services: An Overview and Blueprint for Negotiations.Cambridge, Massachusetts:Ballinger Publishing Company.
16. Hoekman, B.,Sauve, P.(1994).Liberalization of Service Markets: Complements or Substitutes?.Journal of Common Market Studies,32(3),283-318.
17. Keohane, R. O.,Nye, J.(2001).Power and Interdependence.New York:Longman.
18. Kleen, P.(2008).Jan Tumlir Policy Essays.European Centre for International Political Economy.
19. Odell, J. S.(ed.)(2006).Negotiating Trade: Developing Countries in the WTO and NAFTA.Cambridge University Press.
20. OECD(1973).Report by the High Level Group on Trade and Related Problems.Paris:OECD.
21. Perersmann, E-U(ed.)(1991).The New GATT Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Legal and Economic Problems.Netherlands:Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.
22. Sapir, A.(1999).The General Agreement on Trade in Services: From 1994 to the Year 2000.Journal of World Trade,33,51-66.
23. Trachtman, J. P.(1995).Trade in Financial Services under GATS, NAFTA, and the EC: A Regulatory Jurisdiction Analysis.Columbia Journal of Transnational Law,34,37-122.
24. Zartman, I. W.(1976).The 50% Solution.New Haven:Yale University Press.
25. 張新平(1996)。世界貿易組織下之服務貿易。臺北:月旦出版社。
26. 張新平(2001)。加入WTO與開放外國專技人員政策之研究。行政院經建會。
27. 羅昌發(1999)。國際貿易法。臺北:元照出版社。