加拿大克里族土地自治協議之簡介與探討

Cree Nation Land and Self-government Agreement: Introductions and Discussions

10.29910/TJIS.200806.0004

鄭川如(Chuan-Ju Cheng)

克里族 ； 土地協議 ； 自治 ； Cree Nation ； land agreement ； self-government

台灣原住民族研究季刊

1卷2期（2008 / 06 / 01）

83 - 112

繁體中文

原住民族與加拿大政府的關係，始於1763年的『皇家宣言』。獨立後的加拿大政府，並不承認皇家宣言的效力，也不承認當地原住民族的主權、土地權、契約權。1966年，一份由人類學家豪森（Hawthorn）提出的報告指出印地安政策對印地安人的社會、文化所造成的傷害，並要求政府改變其同化政策。而杜魯多政府為因應豪森之建議所提出的新印地安政策，竟然是取消『印地安法』以及印地安人的法律地位。此舉引起全加拿大原住民的憤慨而開啟了1970年代以降加拿大原住民族的土地與自治運動。其中，居住於魁北克省北部的克里族，因為魁北克水力發電廠開發工程，成為第一個與加拿大政府簽訂現代土地自治協議的原住民族。經過若干年的纏訟與討論，克里族與魁北克政府、加拿大政府以及魁北克水力發電公司於1975年簽訂了『詹姆士灣與北魁北克協議』，該協議內容主要包括三個部分，分別為土地割讓、金錢賠償、以及地方自治（協議內容後於1977及1984年立法化）。克里族與加拿大政府、魁北克政府簽訂的土地自治協議，不僅徹底影響克里族近30年來的政治、經濟、社會現況，同時也影響了加拿大其他原住民族權利爭取路徑。

The ”James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement” (JBNQA) and the 'Northeastern Quebec Agreement” (NEQA), signed in 1975 and 1978 respectively, are Canada's first modern land claim settlements. The agreements were later legalized in the ”James Bay and Northern Quebec Native Claims Settlement Act” (1977) and the ”Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act” (1984). These agreements fulfill a commitment to deal with land issues dating back to the late 1800s. The major components of the agreements includes: land regime, environment and social protection, local government provisions, education, hunting, fishing and trapping, economic development, health and social services. This article mainly talks about the background history, negotiation process, content, and the implementation of these agreements, as well as the content and the implementation of the ”Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act”.

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